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https://doi.org/10.47245//sanc...
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Palikoi, Mefitis : lieux de culte auprès de mofettes (mais pas seulement)

Authors: de Cazanove, Olivier;

Palikoi, Mefitis : lieux de culte auprès de mofettes (mais pas seulement)

Abstract

Résumé Les anciens lieux de culte des Palikoi en Sicile et de Mefitis en Hirpinie, mentionnés dans la littérature savante moderne à partir des xvie et xviie siècles, puis visités par les voyageurs au cours des siècles suivants, présentent des caractéristiques naturelles similaires et remarquables qui nous invitent à les étudier en parallèle : il s'agit dans les deux cas de mofettes au sens géologique du terme, c'est-à-dire d'émanations de gaz pestilentiels, principalement du dioxyde de carbone, qui ici, comme c'est souvent le cas, se déversent dans de petits lacs. Ce paysage paravolcanique détermine la topographie des deux lieux de culte et, dans une certaine mesure, le rituel. Il existe cependant une différence importante entre les deux : alors que les frères Palikoi sont des dieux purement topiques attachés aux lacs de Naftia, Mefitis est attestée ailleurs que dans son domaine sulfureux d'Ampsanctus. On la retrouve ailleurs en Hirpinie, mais aussi en Lucanie, jusqu'à Rome et même en Italie du Nord, dans une série de lieux de culte qui, quoi qu'on en ait parfois dit, n'ont aucune des caractéristiques naturelles de celui d'Ansanto, même si pour Virgile et ses anciens commentateurs, « Mephitis est proprement la puanteur de la terre, qui naît des eaux sulfureuses » (Serv., ad Aen., VII, 81). Il faut donc supposer que cette « identité gazeuse » de la divinité ne convient qu'à la Mefitis du ravin d'Ansanto, dans ce qui constitue l'épicentre de son culte, alors qu'en se déplaçant vers de nouveaux sanctuaires, la déesse acquiert progressivement une physionomie en partie différente, notamment dans ses bois sacrés de Rossano di Vaglio et de Rome. De plus, la diffusion du culte reste limitée : il faut se garder de tomber dans un pan-méfitisme qui consisterait, comme on l'a trop souvent fait, à attribuer à la déesse n'importe quel lieu de culte du domaine osque. Néanmoins, les caractéristiques premières de la déesse d'Ansanto ne sont pas oubliées. Virgile décrit le ravin d'Ampsanctus comme une bouche d'Hadès (d'où Mefitis est apparemment absente) et, inversement, la source latine d'Albunea comme des eaux méphitiques. Abstract The ancient cult sites of the Palikoi in Sicily and Mefitis in Hirpinia, mentioned in modern scholarly literature from the 16th-17th c. and then visited by travellers in the following centuries, have similar and remarkable natural features that invite us to study them in parallel: they are both mofettes in the geological sense of the term, i.e. emanations of pestilential gas, mainly carbon dioxide, which here, as is often the case, gush out from small lakes. This paravolcanic landscape determines the topography of both places of worship and, to a certain extent, the ritual. There is, however, one important difference between the two: while the Palikoi brothers are purely topical gods attached to the lakes of Naftia, Mefitis is attested elsewhere than in her sulphurous domain of Ampsanctus. She is found elsewhere in Hirpinia, but also in Lucania, as far away as Rome and even in northern Italy, in a series of places of worship which, despite what has sometimes been said, have none of the natural characteristics of Ansanto, even though for Virgil and his ancient commentators, “Mephitis is properly the stench of the earth, which arises from sulphurous waters” (Serv., ad Aen., VII, 81). We must therefore assume that this “gaseous identity” of the divinity is only appropriate for the Mefitis of the Ansanto ravine, in what is the epicentre of her cult, while as she moved to new sanctuaries, the goddess gradually acquired a partly different physiognomy, particularly in her sacred groves in Rossano di Vaglio and Rome. Moreover, the spread of the cult remained limited: we must be careful not to fall into a pan-Mefitism that consists, as has too often been done, in attributing any place of worship in the Oscan domain to the goddess. Nevertheless, the primary characteristics of the Ansanto goddess are not forgotten. Virgil describes the ravine of Ampsanctus as a mouth of Hades (from which Mefitis is apparently absent) and, conversely, the Latin spring of Albunea as mephitic waters.

Keywords

Mefitis, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, Palikoi, Lucania, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Rome, [SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy, Lucanie, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, [SHS.RELIG] Humanities and Social Sciences/Religions, Albunea, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS.RELIG]Humanities and Social Sciences/Religions, Rossano di Vaglio, Méfitis, Sicile, [SHS.PHIL] Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy, [SHS.HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Sicile., lucus, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Ansanto, [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Sicily

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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