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CEAS Space Journal
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Experimental validation of GNSS repeater detection based on antenna arrays for maritime applications

التحقق التجريبي من كشف مكرر النظم العالمية لسواتل الملاحة بناءً على مصفوفات الهوائيات للتطبيقات البحرية
Authors: Appel, Manuel; Iliopoulos, Andreas; Fohlmeister, Friederike; Perez Marcos, Emilio; Cuntz, Manuel; Konovaltsev, Andriy; Meurer, Michael; +1 Authors
APC: 2,200 EUR

Experimental validation of GNSS repeater detection based on antenna arrays for maritime applications

Abstract

Dans ce travail, nous présentons un algorithme basé sur un réseau d'antennes pour détecter les attaques par répéteur GNSS et/ou par usurpation d'identité avec une validation expérimentale. Avec un récepteur en réseau capable de mesurer la direction d'arrivée des signaux de télémétrie incidents en termes d'azimut et d'élévation, il est possible d'estimer l'attitude des plates-formes d'antenne. Le fait que cette information est calculée (w.r.t. un cadre de référence) pendant le calcul de la position est utilisé. Nous proposons un algorithme visant à trouver la relation entre les deux représentations. Cette cartographie définit l'attitude du récepteur en termes de tangage, de roulis et d'angle de lacet. Le résidu de ce mappage est utilisé pour construire une métrique de qualité pour le mappage. Si un seuil est inférieur à, l'usurpation/répétition est indiquée. La performance est démontrée à l'aide de simulations logicielles. Pour montrer les capacités dans des conditions réalistes, une plate-forme de test est décrite. Il se compose d'un récepteur matriciel en temps réel et d'un dispositif d'échantillonnage permettant le post-traitement. Une campagne de mesure maritime comprenant deux navires - l'un agissant en tant que récepteur et l'autre en tant qu'émetteur - est représentée. Enfin, les performances en temps réel et en post-traitement de l'algorithme sont évaluées.

En este trabajo, presentamos un algoritmo basado en antenas para detectar ataques de repetidores GNSS y/o spoofing con una validación experimental. Con un receptor de matriz capaz de medir la dirección de llegada de las señales de alcance incidente en términos de acimut y elevación, es posible estimar la actitud de las plataformas de antena. Se utiliza el hecho de que esta información se calcula (con un marco de referencia) durante el cálculo de la posición. Proponemos un algoritmo con el objetivo de encontrar la relación entre ambas representaciones. Este mapeo define la actitud del receptor en términos de cabeceo, balanceo y ángulo de guiñada. El residuo de este mapeo se utiliza para construir una métrica de calidad para el mapeo. Si un umbral está por debajo, se indica suplantación/repetición. El rendimiento se demuestra mediante simulaciones de software. Para mostrar las capacidades en condiciones realistas, se describe una plataforma de prueba. Consiste en un receptor de matriz en tiempo real y un dispositivo de muestreo que permite el posprocesamiento. Se retrata una campaña de medición marítima que incluye dos embarcaciones, una que actúa como receptora y la otra que actúa como transmisora. Finalmente, se evalúa el rendimiento en tiempo real y post-procesamiento del algoritmo.

In this work, we present an antenna array-based algorithm to detect GNSS repeater and/or spoofing attacks with an experimental validation. With an array receiver capable of measuring the impinging ranging signals direction of arrival in terms of azimuth and elevation, it is possible to estimate the antenna platforms attitude. The fact that this information is computed (w.r.t. a reference frame) during the position calculation is used. We propose an algorithm aiming to find the relation between both representations. This mapping defines the receiver's attitude in terms of pitch, roll and yaw angle. The residual of this mapping is used to construct a quality metric for the mapping. If a threshold is undershot, spoofing/repeating is indicated. The performance is demonstrated using software simulations. To show the capabilities under realistic conditions, a test platform is described. It consists of a real-time array receiver and a sampling device enabling post-processing. A maritime measurement campaign including two vessels—one acting as receiver and the other acting as transmitter—is portrayed. Finally, the real-time and post-processing performance of the algorithm is evaluated.

في هذا العمل، نقدم خوارزمية قائمة على مصفوفة الهوائيات للكشف عن مكرر النظام العالمي لسواتل الملاحة و/أو هجمات الخداع مع التحقق التجريبي. مع جهاز استقبال مصفوفة قادر على قياس اتجاه إشارات تحديد المدى المؤثرة للوصول من حيث السمت والارتفاع، من الممكن تقدير موقف منصات الهوائي. يتم استخدام حقيقة أن هذه المعلومات يتم حسابها (مع إطار مرجعي) أثناء حساب المركز. نقترح خوارزمية تهدف إلى إيجاد العلاقة بين كلا التمثيلين. تحدد هذه الخريطة موقف المتلقي من حيث درجة الميل والدحرجة وزاوية الانعراج. تُستخدم بقايا هذا التعيين لإنشاء مقياس جودة للتعيين. إذا كانت العتبة منخفضة، تتم الإشارة إلى التزييف/التكرار. يتم عرض الأداء باستخدام المحاكاة البرمجية. لإظهار القدرات في ظل ظروف واقعية، يتم وصف منصة اختبار. يتكون من جهاز استقبال مصفوفة في الوقت الفعلي وجهاز أخذ عينات يتيح المعالجة اللاحقة. يتم تصوير حملة قياس بحرية تشمل سفينتين - واحدة تعمل كجهاز استقبال والأخرى تعمل كجهاز إرسال. أخيرًا، يتم تقييم أداء الخوارزمية في الوقت الفعلي وبعد المعالجة.

Country
Germany
Keywords

Artificial intelligence, Astronomy, FOS: Mechanical engineering, Antenna array, Engineering, Spoofing attack, Computer network, Maritime Navigation, Physics, Navigation, Location Estimation, GNSS applications, Physical Sciences, RF-Based Positioning, Telecommunications, Spoofer Detection, Array Processing for Signal Localization and Estimation, Antenna (radio), Multi-GNSS Experiment, Aerospace Engineering, Interference (communication), Repeater Detection, Real-time computing, Wireless Indoor Localization Techniques and Systems, Azimuth, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Receiver Antennas, Repeater (horology), Global Positioning System, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Array Signal Processing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Encoding (memory), Attitude Estimation, GNSS, Ranging, Electronic engineering, Transmitter, Computer science, 620, Antenna, Radio navigation, Channel (broadcasting), Signal Processing, Computer Science, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/620

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    popularity
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    influence
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
hybrid