Dynamic Simulation of Rock‐Avalanche Fragmentation
Copyright policy )Dynamic Simulation of Rock‐Avalanche Fragmentation
AbstractFragmentation is a common phenomenon in complex rock‐avalanches. The fragmentation intensity and process determines exceptional spreading of such mass movements. However, studies focusing on the simulation of fragmentation are still limited and no operational dynamic simulation model of fragmentation has been proposed yet. By enhancing the mechanically controlled landslide deformation model (Pudasaini & Mergili, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jf007466), we propose a novel, unified dynamic simulation method for rock‐avalanche fragmentation. The model includes three important aspects: mechanically controlled rock mass deformation, momentum loss while the rock mass fiercely impacts the ground, and the energy transfer during fragmentation resulting in the generation of dispersive lateral pressure. We reveal that the dynamic fragmentation, resulting from the overcoming of the tensile strength by the impact on the ground, leads to enhanced spreading, thinning, run‐out and hypermobility of rock‐avalanches. Thereby, the elastic strain energy release caused by fragmentation becomes an important process. Energy conversion between the front and rear parts caused by the fragmentation results in the enhanced forward movement of the front and hindered motion of the rear of the rock‐avalanche. The new model describes this by amplifying the lateral pressure gradient in the opposite direction: enhanced for the frontal particles and reduced for the rear particles after the fragmentation. The main principle is the switching between the compressional stress and the tensile stress, and therefore from the controlled deformation to substantial spreading of the frontal part in the flow direction while backward stretching of the rear part of the rock mass. Laboratory experiments and field events support our simulation results.
- University of Graz Austria
- Technical University of Munich Germany
- Technical University of Munich (TUM) Germany
- Southwest Jiaotong University China (People's Republic of)
GENERAL ; Climate and interannual variability ; Numerical modeling ; NATURAL HAZARDS ; Geological ; Mathematical and computer modeling ; Atmospheric ; Oceanic ; Physical modeling ; Climate impact ; Risk ; Disaster risk analysis and assessment ; OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL ; Air/sea interactions ; Decadal ocean variability ; Ocean influence of Earth rotation ; Sea level: variations and mean ; Surface waves and tides ; Tsunamis and storm surges ; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY ; POLICY SCIENCES ; Benefit-cost analysis ; RADIO SCIENCE ; Radio oceanography ; SEISMOLOGY ; Earthquake ground motions and engineering seismology ; Volcano seismology ; VOLCANOLOGY ; Volcano/climate interactions ; Atmospheric effects ; Volcano monitoring ; Effusive volcanism ; Mud volcanism ; Explosive volcanism ; Volcanic hazards and risks ; Research Article ; rock avalanche ; dynamic fragmentation simulation ; deformation-controller ; momentum loss in impact ; strain energy release ; transfer ; dispersive lateral pressure ; open source simulation tool ; r.avaflow [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE ; Air/sea constituent fluxes ; Volcanic effects ; BIOGEOSCIENCES ; Climate dynamics ; Modeling ; COMPUTATIONAL GEOPHYSICS ; Numerical solutions ; CRYOSPHERE ; Avalanches ; Mass balance ; GEODESY AND GRAVITY ; Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques ; Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions ; Global change from geodesy ; GLOBAL CHANGE ; Abrupt/rapid climate change ; Climate variability ; Earth system modeling ; Impacts of global change ; Land/atmosphere interactions ; Oceans ; Regional climate change ; Sea level change ; Solid Earth ; Water cycles ; HYDROLOGY ; Climate impacts ; Hydrological cycles and budgets ; INFORMATICS ; MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS ; Gravity and isostasy ; MATHEMATICAL GEOPHYSICS ; ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES ; Climate change and variability ; Climatology ; General circulation ; Ocean/atmosphere interactions ; Regional modeling ; Theoretical modeling ; OCEANOGRAPHY], ddc: ddc:
GENERAL ; Climate and interannual variability ; Numerical modeling ; NATURAL HAZARDS ; Geological ; Mathematical and computer modeling ; Atmospheric ; Oceanic ; Physical modeling ; Climate impact ; Risk ; Disaster risk analysis and assessment ; OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL ; Air/sea interactions ; Decadal ocean variability ; Ocean influence of Earth rotation ; Sea level: variations and mean ; Surface waves and tides ; Tsunamis and storm surges ; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY ; POLICY SCIENCES ; Benefit-cost analysis ; RADIO SCIENCE ; Radio oceanography ; SEISMOLOGY ; Earthquake ground motions and engineering seismology ; Volcano seismology ; VOLCANOLOGY ; Volcano/climate interactions ; Atmospheric effects ; Volcano monitoring ; Effusive volcanism ; Mud volcanism ; Explosive volcanism ; Volcanic hazards and risks ; Research Article ; rock avalanche ; dynamic fragmentation simulation ; deformation-controller ; momentum loss in impact ; strain energy release ; transfer ; dispersive lateral pressure ; open source simulation tool ; r.avaflow [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE ; Air/sea constituent fluxes ; Volcanic effects ; BIOGEOSCIENCES ; Climate dynamics ; Modeling ; COMPUTATIONAL GEOPHYSICS ; Numerical solutions ; CRYOSPHERE ; Avalanches ; Mass balance ; GEODESY AND GRAVITY ; Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques ; Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions ; Global change from geodesy ; GLOBAL CHANGE ; Abrupt/rapid climate change ; Climate variability ; Earth system modeling ; Impacts of global change ; Land/atmosphere interactions ; Oceans ; Regional climate change ; Sea level change ; Solid Earth ; Water cycles ; HYDROLOGY ; Climate impacts ; Hydrological cycles and budgets ; INFORMATICS ; MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS ; Gravity and isostasy ; MATHEMATICAL GEOPHYSICS ; ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES ; Climate change and variability ; Climatology ; General circulation ; Ocean/atmosphere interactions ; Regional modeling ; Theoretical modeling ; OCEANOGRAPHY], ddc: ddc:
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