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Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation
Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
Article . 2021
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Multidimensional scaling and visualization of patterns in distribution of nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function

Authors: Machado, J. A. Tenreiro; Luchko, Yuri;

Multidimensional scaling and visualization of patterns in distribution of nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function

Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm and computational visualization features. The nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function as well as the vectors with several neighboring zeros are interpreted as the basic elements (points or objects) of a data set. Then we employ a variety of different metrics, such as the Euclidean and Lorentzian ones, to calculate the distances between the objects. The set of the calculated distances is then processed by the MDS algorithm that produces the loci, organized according to the objects features. Then they are analyzed from the perspective of the emerging patterns. Surprisingly, in the case of the Lorentzian metric, this procedure leads to the very clear periodical structures both in the case of the objects in form of the single nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta-function and in the case of the vectors with a given number of neighboring zeros. The other tested metrics do not produce such periodical structures, but rather chaotic ones. In this paper, we restrict ourselves to numerical experiments and the visualization of the produced results. An analytical explanation of the obtained periodical structures is an open problem worth for investigation by the experts in the analytical number theory.

9 pages

Keywords

Complex systems, Mathematics - Number Theory, Periodical patterns, Analytic computations, Riemann's zeta-function, periodical patterns, Factor analysis and principal components; correspondence analysis, Nonreal zeros of \(\zeta (s)\) and \(L(s, \chi)\); Riemann and other hypotheses, Zeros of the zeta-function, distribution of zeros, zeros of zeta-function, Riemann’s zeta-function, \(\zeta (s)\) and \(L(s, \chi)\), multidimensional scaling algorithm, Distribution of zeros, FOS: Mathematics, Lorentzian metric, Number Theory (math.NT), complex systems, Multidimensional scaling algorithm

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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