Aim. The fragmentary character of research on the psychophysiological aspects of the adaptation of adolescents with dysfunction of the locomotor system determines the necessity to investigate the patterns of the functioning of psycho-physiological and neurovegetative processes in adolescents with impaired posture depending on gender. Materials and Methods. We conducted the study of psychophysiological indicators and heart rhythm vegetative regulation among pupils (n = 368, aged 12–14) of different gender from educational institutions in Chelyabinsk. The main group consisted of children with the signs of impaired posture. The control group consisted of pupils belonging to 1st or 2nd health group. The diagnostics of psychophysiological characteristics of pupils comprised the study of the dynamics of nervous processes in the central nervous system using “NS-PsychoTest” computer appliance. The quality of the regulatory functions of neurovegetative provision was assessed with the help of “Polispectr-Rhythm” computer appliance (NeuroSoft, Russia). Results. The results of the psychophysiological testing of adolescents with postural dysfunction reveal the mobilization-compensatory mechanism of sensorimotor integration, which provides the high regulation and effectiveness of the locomotor action with reduced neuronal reactivity and weakness of the nervous system. The results of the factor analysis of the integral indicators of the dynamics of the nervous processes in the central nervous system, heart rhythm neurovegetative regulation, and the parameters of vegetative life support systems in the examined pupils revealed two options for the ensuring of body reactivity. The “Psychosomatic” variant of reactivity is manifested in adolescents without the pronounced symptoms of disturbances in the locomotor system; the “Somatoform” option is revealed in adolescents of both sexes with dysfunction of the locomotor system. Conclusion. The steady growth of pathology in the locomotor system of modern pupils determines the necessity of an integrative assessment of the health of students with disorders of the locomotor system. The adolescents with the signs of postural dysfunction show somatoform reactions being the manifestation of tension in the adaptation mechanisms of the neurovegetative regulation and providing the relative stability of neurodynamic processes and perfect movement and static muscular effort regulation in comparison with the control group. In adolescents from the control group, cognitive activity is mainly determined by the nervous retuning of systemic reactions.