The study deals with problems of crop losses caused by pathogens, pests, and weeds and the global environmental problem of accumulation of protective chemicals in the biosphere. The author discusses potentials of biotechnology for plant protection and for decreasing the use of xenobiotics by replacing them with biofertilizers and biopesticides. Special attention is paid to the recent lines of research aimed at development and use of new-generation targeted and slow-release biotechnological preparations embedded in degradable matrix of microbial plastics – polyhydroxyalkanoates