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Algo más que heroínas: varias roles y memorias femeninas de la guerra de la triple alianza <b>Algo mais que heroínas: as diferentes funções e memórias femininas da guerra da tríplice aliança</b> - doi: 10.4025/dialogos.v10i1.115 <b>More than heroines. Several feminine roles and memories of the triple alliance war</b> - doi: 10.4025/dialogos.v10i1.115

Authors: Barbara Potthast;

Algo más que heroínas: varias roles y memorias femeninas de la guerra de la triple alianza <b>Algo mais que heroínas: as diferentes funções e memórias femininas da guerra da tríplice aliança</b> - doi: 10.4025/dialogos.v10i1.115 <b>More than heroines. Several feminine roles and memories of the triple alliance war</b> - doi: 10.4025/dialogos.v10i1.115

Abstract

La guerra de la Triple Alianza o del Paraguay fue una de las contiendas m&aacute;s largas y sangrientas de Am&eacute;rica Latina, fundamentalmente para Paraguay que perdi&oacute; alrededor de la mitad de su poblaci&oacute;n y gran parte del territorio tras su derrota. Sin embargo, en el Paraguay del siglo XX, la guerra fue conmemorada como &ldquo;la epopeya nacional&rdquo; en la que todo el pueblo (tanto hombres como mujeres) se destac&oacute; por su patriotismo y valor. Sin embargo, m&aacute;s que los hombres ca&iacute;dos, fueron las mujeres que supuestamente tomaron las armas al final de la guerra para defender la patria, las que adquirieron la categor&iacute;a de hero&iacute;nas nacionales. Reci&eacute;n en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os, surgieron otras memorias y perspectivas de la guerra y del rol de las mujeres paraguayas. Si bien es cierto que &eacute;stas desempe&ntilde;aron papeles muy importantes durante el conflicto armado, sobre todo en su fase tard&iacute;a, tambi&eacute;n fueron v&iacute;ctimas de la creciente tiran&iacute;a del presidente Francisco Solano L&oacute;pez. Durante mucho tiempo, la memoria oficial s&oacute;lo record&oacute; a las &ldquo;residentas&rdquo; que acompa&ntilde;aron al ej&eacute;rcito hasta el final y que pelearon contra los aliados cuando ya no quedaban soldados para protegerlas. Por su parte, la oposici&oacute;n liberal (tanto contempor&aacute;nea como posterior) resalt&oacute; los sufrimientos de las mujeres &ldquo;destinadas&rdquo;, o sea, de las prisioneras reunidas en campos de concentraci&oacute;n en las zonas fronterizas. El objetivo de esta oposici&oacute;n liberal no era presentar otra perspectiva sobre los roles femeninos sino m&aacute;s bien reforzar la cr&iacute;tica al r&eacute;gimen de L&oacute;pez y a otros reg&iacute;menes autoritarios de Paraguay. En este art&iacute;culo, ser&aacute;n analizadas las diferentes actividades femeninas durante la guerra (ya sean voluntarias o forzadas) como algunas fuentes que nos puedan dar una perspectiva diferente, para despu&eacute;s explicar por qu&eacute; los paraguayos privilegiaron la memoria de las &ldquo;residentas&rdquo; por sobre la de las &ldquo;destinadas&rdquo; e, incluso, sobre la de los veteranos.A guerra da Tr&iacute;plice Alian&ccedil;a ou do Paraguai foi uma das contendas mais longas e sangrentas da Am&eacute;rica Latina, em particular para o Paraguai que perdeu cerca da metade de sua popula&ccedil;&atilde;o e grande parte do territ&oacute;rio ap&oacute;s sua derrota. Por&eacute;m, no Paraguai do s&eacute;culo XX, a guerra foi comemorada como &ldquo;a epop&eacute;ia nacional&rdquo;, em que todo o povo &ndash; tanto homens como mulheres &ndash; destacou-se pelo seu patriotismo e valor. Entretanto, mais que os homens ca&iacute;dos, foram as mulheres que supostamente pegaram em armas no fim da guerra para defender a p&aacute;tria, as que adquiriram a categoria de hero&iacute;nas nacionais. S&oacute; nos &uacute;ltimos anos &eacute; que surgiram outras mem&oacute;rias e perspectivas sobre a guerra e o papel das mulheres paraguaias. Se bem &eacute; verdade que estas cumpriram fun&ccedil;&otilde;es muito importantes durante a guerra, principalmente na sua fase tardia, tamb&eacute;m foram v&iacute;timas da crescente tirania do presidente Francisco Solano L&oacute;pez. Durante muito tempo, a mem&oacute;ria oficial lembrou apenas das &ldquo;residentas&rdquo; que acompanharam o ex&eacute;rcito at&eacute; o fim lutando contra os aliados, quando j&aacute; n&atilde;o havia soldados para proteg&ecirc;-las. Por outro lado, a oposi&ccedil;&atilde;o liberal &ndash; tanto contempor&acirc;nea como posterior &ndash; salientou os sofrimentos das mulheres &ldquo;destinadas&rdquo;, ou seja, das prisioneiras reunidas em campos de concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o nas zonas fronteiri&ccedil;as. O objetivo desta oposi&ccedil;&atilde;o liberal n&atilde;o era apresentar outra perspectiva sobre as fun&ccedil;&otilde;es femininas, sen&atilde;o refor&ccedil;ar a cr&iacute;tica ao regime de L&oacute;pez e aos outros regimes autorit&aacute;rios do Paraguai. Em primeiro lugar, aqui ser&atilde;o analisadas as diferentes atividades femininas durante a guerra &ndash; quer fossem volunt&aacute;rias ou for&ccedil;adas &ndash; como algumas fontes que possam nos dar uma perspectiva diferente, para em um segundo momento, explicar por que os paraguaios privilegiaram a mem&oacute;ria das &ldquo;residentas&rdquo;, acima das &ldquo;destinadas&rdquo; e mesmo dos veteranos.The War of the Triple Alliance or the Paraguayan War has been one of the longest and bloodiest wars in Latin America, especially for Paraguay, which lost almost half of its population and much of its territory after its defeat. Nevertheless, in the 20th century the war was commemorated in Paraguay as &ldquo;la epopeya nacional&rdquo;, during which the whole nation, men and women, showed considerable courage and patriotism. Women who took up arms at the end of the war to defend themselves against the enemy soldiers were praised for fighting for the fatherland and were raised to the status of national heroines. Only recently, other voices and other memories of the role of women have been discussed. If women played a crucial role during the war, especially in the final stage of the fighting, they were also victims of the increasing tyranny of President Francisco Solano L&oacute;pez. The official Paraguayan historiography has for a long time commemorated the &ldquo;residentas&rdquo; who accompanied the troops on their withdrawal into the remote areas of the country and who fought against the allies in order to protect themselves when there were no more soldiers left. On the other hand, contemporary and later opposition highlighted the sufferings of the &ldquo;destinadas&rdquo;, women prisoners gathered in remote concentration camps. Criticism has been levelled not to give another perspective on the role of women but to reinforce their critique of President L&oacute;pez and other authoritarian governments in Paraguay. Current research analyses the role and the position of women during the war as well as their memories, in order to explain why Paraguayans have for a century privileged the memory of only one group, the residentas over other equally important groups like the destinadas or even the male veterans.

Keywords

Social sciences (General), H1-99, Latin America. Spanish America, F1201-3799

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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