
This study investigated the impact of mineral-enhanced diets on the performance of Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle, specifically focusing on milk yield, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Twelve cows in early lactation were assigned to four dietary treatments. Over a 30-day feeding trial, performance indicators including feed intake, milk yield, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and economic returns were assessed. Results showed that Treatment 3 (T₃) significantly outperformed the other treatments across most parameters. Cows fed with T₃ had the highest cumulative feed intake (2,090 kg), milk yield (706 L), and the most efficient FCR (2.95). Economic analysis revealed that T₃ also achieved the highest net income of ₱14,790.60, return on investment of 38.09%, and feed cost efficiency of ₱21.30 per liter of milk. These findings indicate that supplementing dairy rations with 0.35% minerals enhances both biological productivity and economic viability and may be recommended as an optimal feeding strategy for improving dairy production under tropical farm conditions.
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