The global energy transition requires a shift from fossil fuels to sustainable alternatives to mitigate climate change and enhance energy security. Biodiesel derived from non-food biomass has emerged as a pivotal solution for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors like transportation, overcoming the critical ethical and environmental limitations of first-generation biofuels. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the non-food biodiesel sector, building on a foundation of advanced feedstocks and conversion technologies. It delves into the economic viability, policy frameworks, and socioeconomic dimensions essential for commercial scalability. The analysis highlights the significant opportunities in waste valorization and circular bioeconomy models, job creation in rural economies, and the crucial role of supportive policies and certifications. A comparative assessment of regulatory approaches in Europe, the United States, and Asia is presented, alongside case studies of successful initiatives. The chapter concludes with future perspectives on technological innovation, the role of biodiesel in decarbonizing aviation and maritime transport, and synergies with other renewables. Finally, it offers strategic recommendations for policymakers and industry stakeholders to foster a sustainable, equitable, and integrated biodiesel industry.