Agri-food security is an essential constituent of the national security of the Republic of Moldova, one of the most critical components of the demographic policy and the life support system, and a necessary condition for maintaining health. The specificity of the Republic of Moldova’s agricultural sector is characterized by a relatively high level of agri-food sufficiency against the background of a high degree of absolute poverty. Thus, the problem of agri-food security cannot be reduced only to the ability to maintain its dimensions, and how it can preserve and improve in the face of probable vulnerabilities must be answered. Our proposed analysis of agri-food security, viewed through the resilience lens, is crucial because of the sector’s ability to adapt and change in response to vulnerabilities. This assessment not only clarifies the drivers that can alter the dimensions of agri-food security but also highlights the key provisions of food security that can either facilitate or hinder the sector’s ability to respond to destabilizing factors. The significance of agri-food security in societal development, coupled with the existing gaps in its assurance, underscores the pressing need to re-evaluate the priorities of agri-food policy in the Republic of Moldova from a resilience perspective.