Figure 4 Spotted towhee predictors from the AICc top model for PC1approach (a), PC2fly (b), and PC3song (c). (a) Towhees approach more slowly and maintain a greater distance from the speaker as sound level increases. Shading represents 95% CI and rug plot denotes sound level of individual trials. California spotted towhees fly more frequently on control trials (b) and display a weaker song response during treatment-off trials (c) than on all other trials, within and among populations (see [a] for color legend). (b–c) Violins denote kernel density probabilities differentiated by trial type (x axis) and population (color), with means (±1 SE) connected by dotted line; boxplots denote median and quartiles, and whiskers show 1.5 times the interquartile range; points represent individual trials; and asterisks denote significant contrasts corresponding to 95% CIs (see Supplementary Appendix Table A3 for values). Data displayed as untransformed components.

Published as part of Reed, Veronica A, Toth, Cory A, Wardle, Ryan N, Gomes, Dylan G E, Barber, Jesse R & Francis, Clinton D, 2021, Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds, pp. 993-1003 in Behavioral Ecology 32 (5) on page 1000, DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab074, http://zenodo.org/record/8414693