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Capitalismo dei monopoli intellettuali, pseudo-proprietà intellettuale e dati nel settore dell'agricoltura di precisione e dello smart farming: note a margine del right to repair

Authors: Caso, Roberto;

Capitalismo dei monopoli intellettuali, pseudo-proprietà intellettuale e dati nel settore dell'agricoltura di precisione e dello smart farming: note a margine del right to repair

Abstract

Questo scritto è finalizzato a discutere, da una prospettiva giuridica, i problemi derivanti dalla concentrazione di potere di controllo ed elaborazione dei dati e delle informazioni nelle mani di monopoli e oligopoli commerciali che forniscono ai produttori agricoli macchine (ad es., trattori), sementi, prodotti chimici (ad es. fertilizzanti e diserbanti) nonché servizi di agricoltura di precisione e smart farming. Tali monopoli e oligopoli traggono, almeno in parte, la loro forza dalla proprietà intellettuale e dalla pseudo-proprietà intellettuale. La pseudo- proprietà intellettuale consiste in quelle forme anomale di esclusiva che si basano, ad esempio, su contratto e misure tecnologiche di protezione nonché sul potere di fatto che deriva dal controllo dell’infrastruttura tecnologica su cui i dati vengono memorizzati, elaborati e trasmessi sulle reti telematiche. Nel settore dello smart farming e dell’agricoltura di precisione il potere delle imprese che forniscono fattori di produzione può determinare effetti anticoncorrenziali e abusi di dipendenza economica. Più in generale il potere dei monopoli intellettuali diminuisce il grado di autonomia e libertà degli agricoltori: non solo del singolo agricoltore di fronte all’impresa fornitrice del fattore di produzione, ma anche della categoria degli agricoltori di fronte a quella dei fornitori dei fattori di produzione all’interno della filiera agroalimentare. Tra gli strumenti giuridici che sono stati immaginati per contrastare tale potere merita attenzione il c.d. right to repair, il diritto dell’utente di un dispositivo di poterlo riparare senza sottostare alle restrizioni imposte dal produttore del dispositivo. Tale diritto, per essere efficace, deve limitare la proprietà intellettuale e la pseudo-proprietà intellettuale.

The scope of this paper is to discuss from a legal perspective the problems arising from the concentration of data and information control and processing power in the hands of commercial monopolies and oligopolies that supply farmers with machines (e.g., tractors), seeds, chemicals (e.g., fertilizers and herbicides) as well as precision farming and smart farming services. Such monopolies and oligopolies derive, at least in part, their strength from intellectual property and pseudo-intellectual property. Pseudo-intellectual property consists of those anomalous forms of exclusivity that are based, for example, on contract and technological protection measures as well as the de facto power that comes from controlling the technological infrastructure on which data are stored, processed, and transmitted. In smart farming and precision agriculture, the power of input-supplying firms can lead to anticompetitive effects and abuses of economic dependence. More generally, the power of intellectual monopolies diminishes the degree of autonomy and freedom of farmers: not only of the individual farmer vis-à-vis the input-supplying firm, but also of the category of farmers vis-à-vis the category of input suppliers within the value chain. Among the legal instruments that have been imagined counteracting such power, the so-called “right to repair”, the right of the user of a device to be able to repair it without being subject to the restrictions imposed by the device manufacturer, deserves attention. Such a right, to be effective, must restrict intellectual property and pseudointellectual property.

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Italy
Related Organizations
Keywords

Smart farming, Data, Intellectual monopolies capitalism, Pseudo-intellectual property, Precision agriculture, Intellectual property, Capitalismo dei monopoli intellettuali; Pseudo-proprietà intellettuale; Agricoltura di precisione; Smart farming; Right to repair; Data; Intellectual Property; Monopoly, Capitalismo dei monopoli intellettuali, Pseudo-proprietà intellettuale, Agricoltura di precisione, Smart farming, Right to repair; Data, Intellectual Property, Monopoly, Right to repair

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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