We provide here the observed monthly total streamflow (q) and precipitation (p) records at 161 unregulated catchments in Victoria, Australia. All observations are in units of millimeters per month. The number of missing days of streamflow per month is also provided as a measure of data quality (see “gap days”). This data is sourced from Peterson et al. (2021), wherein the data is provided within the R package, HydroState. Its original use was for investigating non-recovery of streamflow after droughts and catchment resilience. The precipitation data is the area-weighted catchment average depth and was derived using the R package, AWAPer (see Peterson et al., 2019). The compilation of the streamflow data was led by Dr Margarita Saft and the observed data was sourced from https://data.water.vic.gov.au/. For additional details of the data see Peterson et al. (2021) – Supplemental file. Also provided here are the following GIS shapefiles of the study catchments: boundaries, stream gauge location, state boundary, major lakes and watercourse of Victoria. The spatial data files were derived from https://www.data.vic.gov.au/. The units of area and elevation therein are square meter and meter, respectively. The files here were used in Goswami et al. (2022) and were uploaded to Zenodo to comply with the journal data availability requirements. Update: Temperature and PET datasets of the 161 catchments were added to support analysis carried out in a follow up paper, Goswami et al 2023.