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The dental diseases affecting the pulp and periapical tissues in the primary and permanent dentitions pose treatment challenges for the endodontists because of the vast variations in these dentitions basically due to factors like longetivity of primary teeth , coronal structure and root canal morphology and anatomy of the teeth which needs to be critically analysed before rendering treatment. In recent years, new materials, equipments and instruments have evolved to a great extent and simplified the endodontic treatment procedures for the clinicians. The aim of this article is to highlight the clinical techniques and treatment considerations in treating the vital and non-vital as well as emphasize on surgical management of cases.