{"references": ["1. Kumar P, Bhargava S, Agarwal PK, Garg A, Khosla A. Association of serum magnesium with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 May;8(5):1671-1677. 2. America Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(Suppl 1): S62\u2013S67. 3. Swaminathan R. Magnesium Metabolism and its Disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003; 24(2):47\u201366. 4. Saeed H, Haj S, Qasim B. Estimation of magnesium level in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with HbA1c level. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;2(1):e00048. 5. Kundu D, Osta M, Mandal T, Bandyopadhyay U, Ray D, Gautam D. Serum magnesium levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013;4(1): 113\u2013116. 6. Sasaki S, Oshima T, Mtsuura H, et al. Abnormal magnesium status in patients with cardiovascular diseases.Clin Sci (Colch)2000; 98: 175-181. 7. Monika KW, Michael BZ, Giatgen AS, Richard FH, Low plasma magnesium in type 2 diabetes.Swiss Med Wkly 2003; 133: 289- 292. 8. Shaikh MA, Gillani S, Dur-E-Yakta Frequency of diabetic retinopathy in patients after ten years of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2010;22:158\u201360. 9. Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham SV, Miller JM, Pham PT. Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin", "1. Kumar P, Bhargava S, Agarwal PK, Garg A, Khosla A. Association of serum magnesium with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 May;8(5):1671-1677. 2. America Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(Suppl 1): S62\u2013S67. 3. Swaminathan R. Magnesium Metabolism and its Disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003; 24(2):47\u201366. 4. Saeed H, Haj S, Qasim B. Estimation of magnesium level in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with HbA1c level. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;2(1):e00048. 5. Kundu D, Osta M, Mandal T, Bandyopadhyay U, Ray D, Gautam D. Serum magnesium levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013;4(1): 113\u2013116. 6. Sasaki S, Oshima T, Mtsuura H, et al. Abnormal magnesium status in patients with cardiovascular diseases.Clin Sci (Colch)2000; 98: 175-181. 7. Monika KW, Michael BZ, Giatgen AS, Richard FH, Low plasma magnesium in type 2 diabetes.Swiss Med Wkly 2003; 133: 289- 292. 8. Shaikh MA, Gillani S, Dur-E-Yakta Frequency of diabetic retinopathy in patients after ten years of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2010;22:158\u201360. 9. Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham SV, Miller JM, Pham PT. Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin"]}

Magnesium is an intracellular cation and coenzyme for various reactions of the glycolytic pathway. Hypomagnesemia has been shown to precipitate hyperglycemia and has, therefore, been implicated in insulin resistance and its microvascular complications. Poor glycemic control has been associated with retinopathy. Hence, we assessed association of serum magnesium with T2DM and diabetic retinopathy among 100 patients with type 2 Diabetic Mellitus (with complications) with their ophthalmological complications (retinopathy) admitted in People's College of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Bhopal. Estimation of serum magnesium was done by spectrophotometric method using xylidyl blue. Comparison of serum magnesium level in patients with and without retinopathy in uncontrolled Diabetic patients. Serum magnesium level was 2.03±0.33 among no retinopathy cases. Serum magnesium level was 1.86 ± 0.26 in NDPR (Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy). Serum magnesium level was. Serum magnesium level was 1.64 ± 0.25 in PDR (Proliferative diabetic retinopathy). So it is highly suggestive of hypomagnesia to occur at an increased risk diabetic retinopathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Magnesium deficiency was associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy and poor glycemic control. Dietary supplementation may be advised to prevent such complications and improve glycemic control.