Benchmark maps of 39 years of secondary forest age for Brazil Overview Annual maps of secondary forest dynamics for Brazil (1986–2024), derived from MapBiomas Collection 10.1 land-use and land-cover data processed in Google Earth Engine. Only the Forest Formation class is included. This dataset is an update of the original benchmark maps published in Scientific Data (2020), now extended to 39 years of coverage (1986–2024) using MapBiomas Collection 10.1 as input data. Contact: Celso H. L. Silva Junior — celsohlsj@gmail.com Products Product Description Period Files Increment New secondary forest pixels in year t — pixels transitioning from anthropic use (year t−1) to forest (year t) 1986–2024 39 Extent Binary presence/absence of secondary forest — accumulated from prior year or re-established 1986–2024 39 Age Cumulative years of continuous secondary forest presence since the last disturbance 1986–2024 39 Loss Secondary forest pixels cleared in year t 1987–2024 38 Total: 155 files Technical Specifications Parameter Value Spatial resolution 30 m Coordinate reference system EPSG:4326 (Geographic, WGS84) File format Cloud-Optimised GeoTIFF (COG) Analysis period — Increment, Extent, Age 1986–2024 Analysis period — Loss 1987–2024 Input data MapBiomas Collection 10.1 Forest class Forest Formation only Version v8.1 File naming convention ybyra_secondary_forest_{product}_brazil_v8_1_{year}.tif Methodology Summary The mapping algorithm operates in four sequential steps applied annually to the MapBiomas land-cover time series: Step Description 1 Reclassify MapBiomas classes into forest / non-forest binary maps; apply Oil Palm and Water masks 2 Identify annual increment: pixels transitioning from anthropic use (year t−1) to forest (year t) 3 Accumulate extent and detect loss: presence maintained from prior year or cleared 4 Calculate age: cumulative years of continuous secondary forest presence Key masking layers Mask Source Oil Palm extent Descals et al. (2021) Water bodies MapBiomas Collection 10.1 (class 33) Forest cover MapBiomas Collection 10.1 (classes 3 and 6) Data Access Cloud-Optimised GeoTIFF — Source Cooperative (this repository) All annual COG files are available directly via HTTP/HTTPS for cloud-native access (GDAL, rasterio, QGIS, R terra, etc.): Base URL: https://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/ Browse: https://source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest Google Earth Engine (GEE) — multi-band assets The full dataset is also available as multi-band GEE assets (one band per year, named classification_YYYY): var age = ee.Image('users/ybyrabr/public/secondary_forest_age_collection10_1_v8_1'); var extent = ee.Image('users/ybyrabr/public/secondary_forest_extent_collection10_1_v8_1'); var increment = ee.Image('users/ybyrabr/public/secondary_forest_increment_collection10_1_v8_1'); var loss = ee.Image('users/ybyrabr/public/secondary_forest_loss_collection10_1_v8_1'); STAC Catalog A SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) is available for programmatic discovery:https://celsohlsj.github.io/ybyrastac/ Complete File List Increment (1986–2024) — 39 files https://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1986.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1987.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1988.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1989.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1990.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1991.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1992.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1993.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1994.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1995.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1996.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1997.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1998.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_1999.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2000.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2001.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2002.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2003.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2004.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2005.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2006.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2007.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2008.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2009.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2010.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2011.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2012.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2013.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2014.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2015.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2016.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2017.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2018.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2019.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2020.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2021.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2022.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2023.tifhttps://data.source.coop/ybyra-br/secondary-forest/increment/ybyra_secondary_forest_increment_brazil_v8_1_2024.tif Extent (1986–2024) — 39 files 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Age (1986–2024) — 39 files 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Loss (1987–2024) — 38 files 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How to Cite This dataset is free to use. If you use it in your research, please cite the original paper and the dataset repository. We also welcome users to contact us for collaboration opportunities. Paper Silva Junior, C.H.L., Heinrich, V.H.A., Freire, A.T.G., Broggio, I.S., Rosan, T.M., Doblas, J., Anderson, L.O., Rousseau, G.X., Shimabukuro, Y.E., Silva, C.A., House, J.I., Aragão, L.E.O.C. Benchmark maps of 33 years of secondary forest age for Brazil. Scientific Data (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00600-4 Dataset (Zenodo) Silva Junior, C.H.L. et al. Benchmark maps of 39 years of secondary forest age for Brazil. Zenodo (2026). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8190133 Code The GEE JavaScript code used to produce this dataset is available at:https://github.com/celsohlsj/gee_brazil_sv Funding This dataset was produced with support from: Funding agency Grant / Process CNPq — Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Process 401741/2023-0 (YbYrá-BR Project) CNPq Process 304664/2024-3 (Research Productivity Fellowship) License This dataset is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ You are free to share and adapt the material for any purpose, provided appropriate credit is given, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated. Total: 155 files · 4 products · Cloud-Optimised GeoTIFF (COG) · 30 m · EPSG:4326 · v8.1