The dataset contains information on the supply costs of cereal straw in Germany from 2010-2020 at NUTS 3 (county) level. The supply costs depend on the specific straw yield in each NUTS region and the assumed underlying supply chain. The specific straw yield is the NUTS specific average of the most relevant cereals [wheat, rye, oats, triticale, spring barley, winter barley] The supply chain is defined according to the NUTS specific average farm area in relation to the national average. Supply costs are divided into collection costs, transport costs, storage costs and opportunity costs. Opportunity costs are defined as the monetary cost of replacing the nutrients removed. The connecting research paper, which describes the methodology in detail is available under this DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-024-02528-x.