Parenteral nutrition plays a crucial role in the management of surgical patients who cannot receive sufficient nutrition orally or enterally. This review article analyzes the epidemiology, significance, theoretical framework, complications and discussion of parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is used to prevent malnutrition, improve wound healing and reduce complications. Complications include infections, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic disorders, and adverse reactions. The optimal duration, composition and personalization of nutritional therapy are debated topics. The importance of a thorough nutritional assessment and monitoring of possible metabolic changes is highlighted. In conclusion, parenteral nutrition is essential in surgical patients, but requires proper implementation and management. The individualization of therapy, nutritional composition and prevention of complications are crucial aspects to consider. More research is required to improve the safety and efficacy of parenteral nutrition in these patients.