Figure S1. Phylogenetic and divergent time tree of snakes, related to Figure 1 (A) Phylogenetic tree distributions of selected snake species, topology inferred from a previous study.173 (B) Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree inferred from the 31-taxon whole-genome alignments. Ultrafast bootstraps were repeated 3,000 times, with NNI UFBoot tree optimization and SH-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) performed. SH-aLRT support rate/ultrafast bootstrap support rate is indicated at each node. (C) Inferred ML phylogenetic tree using orthologous genes. 1,980 1:1 orthologous genes were concatenated to a super gene sequence for constructing the ML phylogenetic tree using IQ-TREE. 10,000 ultrafast bootstraps were carried out and the two support rates were marked at each node. (D) ML phylogenetic tree inferred from 4d sites. 4d sites were extracted from the orthologous genes and taken as input for IQ-TREE to infer the ML phylogenetic tree. The two supports were computed by 10,000 ultrafast bootstraps and SH-aLRT. (E) Inferred ML phylogenetic tree of conserved non-coding elements (CNEs). All CNEs were identified and concatenated into a single sequence for the ML phylogenetic tree inferred using 5,000 ultrafast bootstraps and SH-aLRT. (F) Coalescent phylogenetic tree inferred from 51,302 1-kb orthologous genomic segments using ASTRAL-III. (G) Coalescent phylogenetic tree inferred from 1,980 1:1 orthologous genes using ASTRAL-III. The poorly supported nodes are indicated in red. (H) DicoVista gene tree topologies frequency analysis. The frequency of three topologies (t1–t3) is shown, and the red is the main topology. The divergence time (million years ago [mya]) of the species is estimated using r8s and the incongruent clades are in red. (I) Divergence time of the 31 species. r8s estimated divergence time using the whole-genome alignments.The estimated divergence time (million years ago [mya]) is labeled on each node and 6 calibrating nodes used are marked. (J) MCMCTree estimated divergence time of the 31 species using 4d sites. Six calibrating nodes used are marked and the estimated divergence time represented in million years is labeled.

Published as part of Peng, Changjun, Wu, Dong-Dong, Ren, Jin-Long, Peng, Zhong-Liang, Ma, Zhifei, Wu, Wei, Lv, Yunyun, Wang, Zeng, Deng, Cao, Jiang, Ke, Parkinson, Christopher L., Qi, Yin, Zhang, Zhi-Yi & Li, Jia-Tang, 2023, Large-scale snake genome analyses provide insights into vertebrate development, pp. 1-18 in Cell 186 on page 33, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.030, http://zenodo.org/record/8070670