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Petite économie, adossée au grand marché d’Afrique qu’est le Nigeria, le Bénin traîne depuis les indépendances, une balance commerciale déficitaire. Dès lors la question qui se pose est de savoir si l’économie béninoise n’est pas aussi compétitive pour tirer avantage de celle nigériane aux atouts multiples. C’est ce qui justifie cette étude qui a pour objet d’analyser la compétitivité de l’économie béninoise par rapport à celle nigériane. À cet effet, l’analyse s’est basée sur le taux de change réel d’après l’approche de la parité du pouvoir d’achat. Ainsi à partir d’un modèle de cointégration fondé sur l’approche ARDL (autorégressif à retards échelonnés), l’étude explique une relation de long terme entre le taux de change réel (TCR) et les variables exogènes que sont : l’afflux de capitaux, la réexportation et la consommation publique. À court terme, c’est le taux de change nominal du marché parallèle qui influence négativement le TCR. Par ailleurs, la pandémie COVID 19, tout en influençant légèrement et positivement le TCR, à court terme, l’affecte négativement à long terme. En guise d’implication de politiques économiques, il faut que le Bénin évite la pratique à outrance des politiques budgétaires expansives, décourage le commerce de réexportation et contrôle ou réglemente les marchés de change informels. Mots clés : commerce, compétitivité, taux de change Classification JEL : C51, F14, O19 Type de l’article : Recherche empirique
The issue of competitiveness as an important factor in the growth and development of an economy is amply attested to by relevant facts in the economic literature. For the Beninese economy, whose trade balance remains in deficit and yet has the largest market in Africa as its neighbour, this analysis deserves attention in view of the existing situation and the opportunities offered by this market. For this purpose, the analysis was based on the real exchange rate according to the purchasing power parity approach Thus, using a co-integration model based on the ARDL (autoregressive staggered delay) approach, the study explains a long-term relationship between the real exchange rate (RER) and the exogenous variables that are:. capital inflows, re-exports and public consumption. In the short term, it is the nominal exchange rate of the parallel market that negatively influences the RER. In addition, the COVID 19 pandemic, while slightly and positively influencing the RER, in the short term, affects it negatively in the long term. As an economic policy implication, Benin needs to avoid excessive expansive fiscal policies, discourage re-export trade, and control or regulate informal foreign exchange markets. Keywords: trade, competitiveness, exchange rate JEL Classification: C51, F14, O19 Type of paper: empirical research
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