AbstractLayered rocks are heterogeneous media composed of multiscale minerals with contrasting geomechanical properties. It remains unclear how the mechanical responses of constituent minerals among different adjacent layers vary in a microscale. Based on the grid nanoindentation tests assisted by high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy techniques, we quantified the mechanical responses of various minerals in an interbedded sandstone‐mudstone core sample and provided visual mineralogies and indentation patterns of different adjacent layers. Results show that the Young's modulus, hardness, and elasticity index of quartz and dolomite decrease, whereas their fracture toughness and plastic work ratio increase from the sandstone layer to the mudstone layer. Quartz displays elastic‐dominated deformations in the sandstone layer whereas transforms into medium‐plastic deformations in the mudstone layer. The mean values of Young's modulus, hardness, and elasticity index of quartz in the sandstone layer are 1.28, 2.00, and 1.56 times higher than that in the mudstone layer, respectively. Dolomite and phyllosilicate minerals show prominently plastic‐dominated deformations in each layer. When an indenter encounters multiple minerals simultaneously, the mechanical responses are determined by the softer phases and irregular indent impressions are generated. Shear and radical cracks are prone to occur in the elastic‐dominated minerals, while chipping damage is induced in the plastic‐dominated minerals. This work provides new insights and fundamental understandings in geomechanical properties contrasts in multilayered rocks, and can facilitate the geomechanical modeling and upscaling schemes in multilayered formations.