The main obstacles to food security are the immense pressure from the constantly growing population and the diminishing availability of land and water. Intensive agricultural practises hasten the deterioration of soil health. Similarly increased groundwater exploitation also caused a decline in groundwater level. Accelerated soil erosion is a result of anthropogenic activities like slash-and-burn agriculture, overgrazing, deforestation, and intensive and inefficient agricultural practises. This increased rate of soil erosion decreases soil and crop productivity over time by removing organic matter and plant nutrients from the fertile topsoil. A higher canopy cover and mulching of crop residues prevent soil particles from detaching from the soil surface and protect it from intense rainfall, which lowers the rate of surface runoff and lessens the effects of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility. Moreover, it also conserves soil moisture and retains sediment and organic materials. The threat that agriculture poses to groundwater is also a serious problem, especially because groundwater is a hidden resource and its degradation and restoration frequently occur gradually. However, it is now necessary to offer workable and long-term solutions to keep the groundwater table high. There are many different approaches being used to find a more long-lasting balance. A holistic approach to managing soil and water resources is necessary for both the future viability of agriculture and the preservation of the natural ecosystem. As a result, the adoption of advanced irrigation technologies, no-till farming, conservation tillage, direct seeded rice, precision land levelling, agroforestry, and crop diversification are all essential for soil and water conservation.

Open-Access Online Publication: May 29, 2023