{"references": ["Cong, Q., Barbosa, E. P., Marin, M. A., Freitas, A. V. L., Lamas, G. & Grishin, N. V. (2021) Two new species of Hermeuptychia from North America and three neotype designations (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 9, 1 - 20.", "Cong, Q. & Grishin, N. V. (2014) A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico. ZooKeys, 379, 43 - 91.", "Viloria, A\u00b4. L. (2021) The Hermeuptychia papers. Anartia, 32, 26 - 52.", "Zacca, T., Casagrande, M. M., Mielke, O. H. H., Huertas, B., Freitas, A. V. L., Marn, M. A. et al. (2021) A new euptychiine butterfly species from South Brazil and taxonomic rearrangements for Taydebis Freitas, 2013 and Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zootaxa, 5023, 555 - 570.", "Seraphim, N., Marin, M. A., Freitas, A. V. L. & Silva-Brandao t, K. L. (2014) Morphological and molecular marker contributions to disentangling the cryptic Hermeuptychia hermes species complex (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina). Molecular Ecology Resources, 14, 39 - 49.", "Tan, D., Parus, A., Dunbar, M., Espeland, M. & Willmott, K. R. (2021) Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode species delineation methods imply critically underestimated diversity in ' common' Hermeuptychia butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 193, 1256 - 1270.", "Cosmo, L. G., Barbosa, E. P. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2014) Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Hermeuptychia atalanta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.), 50, 1 - 7.", "Janzen, D. H. & Hallwachs, W. (2022) Area de Conservacion\u00b4Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica - caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths [WWW document]. Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso [Accessed on 1 st January 2022]", "Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S. (2008) Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. Monografias Tercer Milenio. Sociedad Entomologica\u00b4Aragonesa (SEA) / Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografia y Entomologia Sistematica (RIBES) / Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (CYTED) / Natural History Museum, London, U. K. (NHM) / Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Venezuela (IVIC), Zaragoza, p. 536.", "Murray, D. L. (2001 b) Systematics of euptychiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) based on larval morphology and DNA sequence data and the evolution of life history traits (PhD thesis). Louisiana State University. 367 pp."]}

Hermeuptychia clade The ‘ Hermeuptychia clade’ is well-supported (FULL dataset 98.8/99) and composed of two genera, Hermeuptychia and Saurona gen.n. (Figures 5, S 2 and S 3), that superficially look very different. Currently, 18 species of Hermeuptychia and two species of Saurona gen.n. are described, but the actual diversity of the clade is likely to be at least twice as high. Several species of Hermeuptychia have been described recently (Cong et al., 2021; Cong & Grishin, 2014; Nakahara, Tan, et al., 2016), and there have been multiple recent taxonomic rearrangements (Cong et al., 2021; Viloria, 2021; Zacca et al., 2021). DNA barcoding data (COI) further suggest the existence of a number of cryptic species (Seraphim et al., 2014; Tan et al., 2021). Members of the ‘ Hermeuptychia clade’ are relatively small, with the forewing length often less than 20 mm. Apart from a few species, they have sexually monomorphic wing patterns with the females being slightly paler than males. Members of Hermeuptychia are exceptionally uniform and drab in coloration, while Saurona gen.n. contains two colourful described species with rather modified ventral hindwing markings. Possible synapomorphies and distinctive characters for the clade include the following: (a) absence of cephalic horns in all instars of the larvae (Cong & Grishin, 2014; Cosmo et al., 2014; Janzen & Hallwachs, 2022), remaining to be confirmed in Saurona; (b) presence of a short, dark dash on VFW between submedial and medial lines, along discocellular veins (not well-marked in some Saurona males). Members of the ‘ Hermeuptychia clade’ range from southern USA to Argentina, and from sea level to almost 3000 m, in a wide variety of habitats, from grasslands to dry forest, rain forest to cloud forest. There is an apparent slight centre of diversity in the western Amazon and east Andean foothills, where half-a-dozen species may be found in sympatry. As is typical for most members of Euptychiina, with the exception of Euptychia, known hostplants for members of this clade are either bamboos or other grasses in the family Poaceae, as well as species of Cyperaceae and Marantaceae (Beccaloni et al., 2008; Cong & Grishin, 2014; Cosmo et al., 2014; Janzen & Hallwachs, 2022; Murray, 2001b). A number of species also likely utilize non-native grasses as larval hostplants, as evidenced by the abundance of some Hermeuptychia species in highly disturbed habitats, garden lawns and cattle pastures (see also Cong & Grishin, 2014).

Published as part of Espeland, Marianne, Nakahara, Shinichi, Zacca, Thamara, Barbosa, Eduardo P., Huertas, Blanca, Marín, Mario A., Lamas, Gerardo, Benmesbah, Mohamed, Brévignon, Christian, Casagrande, Mirna M., Fåhraeus, Christer, Grishin, Nick, Kawahara, Akito Y., Mielke, Olaf H. H., Miller, Jacqueline Y., Nakamura, Ichiro, Navas, Vanessa, Patrusky, Brooke, Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Richards, Lindsay, Tan, Denise, Tyler, Stephanie, Viloria, Angel, Warren, Andrew D., Xiao, Lei, Freitas, André V. L. & Willmott, Keith R., 2023, Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), pp. 1-73 in Zoological Research 2023 on page 11, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12590, http://zenodo.org/record/7909395