Improved green infrastructure results in energy savings through a variety of mechanisms. These include: Reducing the need to heat buildings by insulating them against the cold Reducing the need to cool buildings by insulating them against the heat Reducing the volume of stormwater entering the sewer system, thus reducing energy consumption in sewage processing The energy savings resulting from these three mechanisms are estimated by GI-Val [https://www.merseyforest.org.uk/gi-val/] tools 1.1, 1.5 and 2.1 respectively.