jk¡ph izkd`frd lqanjrk ls Hkjh gSA blh izkd`frd laqnjrk ds dkj.k blds gj dksus esa i;ZVu LFky gSaA ;g 'kgj izkd`frd fojklr ls Hkjh gSA ;gk¡ lqanj >jus] ,sfrgkfld eafnj n'kZuh; gSaA izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ls ifjiw.kZ gksus ds dkj.k Hkh jk¡ph i;ZVdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrk gSA jk¡ph esa dbZ lqanj tyizikr] taxy igkM+ksa ls f?kjh euksgkjh LFky eafnj vkfn ns[ks tkrs gSaA jk¡ph ds euksje vkcksgok] LoPN tyok;q vkSj izkd`frd lkSn;Z ds dkj.k gh vaxzstksa us bls xzh"edkyhu jkt/kuh cuk;k FkkA jk¡ph dks ^^tyizikrksa dk 'kgj** ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ds euksje ,oa ,sfrgkfld egRo ds n'kZuh; LFky ns'k&fons'k ds i;ZVdksa dks vdf"kZr djrs gSaA bl ftys esa u dsoy ,sfrgkfld LFky gSa] cfYd tSfod m/kku] e`x fogkj] outho] tyizikr ouLFky igkM+ vkfn Hkjs iM+s gSA jk¡ph dk vizfre izkd`frd lkSan;Z] euksje tyok;q] bldh lao`) tutkfr; laLd`fr ,oa blds vkS/kksfxd dsanz i;ZVdksa dks vdf"kZr djrs gSaA jk¡ph u dsoy izkd`frd lkSn;Z ls laiUu gS] cfYd blds ,sfrgkfld LFky] rhFkZLFky Hkh i;ZVdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrs jgs gSaA lkaLd`frd] /kkfeZd ,oa ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds izfr i;ZVd vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA ;gk¡ dqN izkphu /kkfeZd LFky Hkh gSa vkSj lkFk gh uohu /kkfeZd LFky rFkk i;ZVd LFky Hkh cus gSaA jk¡ph ds pqfV;k {ks= esa fLFkr ,oa 1685 esa cuk jk/kkcYye eafnj] jk¡ph ds gfV;k {ks= esa 1691 esa cuk txUukFkiqj dk eafnj dkads ds cksM+s;k xzke esa 1665 esa cuk jke&y{e.k ,oa lhrk eafnj] ;gk¡ ds mYys[kuh; /kkfeZd egROk ds LFky gSaA1 jk¡ph ds izkd`frd lkSn;ZLFky i;ZVdksa i;ZVkdksa dks yqHkkrs gSaA ;gk¡ vkusokys i;ZVdksa dks LOkPNan izd`fr dk n'kZu gksrk gS os izd`fr dh lehirk dk vuqHko djrs gSaA ;gk¡ gaqM:] tksUgk] n'ke?kk/k] iap?kk/k] irjkrw ?kkVh] u{k= ou] fcjlk twykWftdy ikdZ] jkT; laxzkgy;] igkM+h eafnj] VSxksj fgy] lw;Z eafnj] dkWdsMSe] jkWd xkWMu] txUUkkFk eafnj] jk¡ph >hy vkfn mYys[kuh; LFky gSa tks i;ZVdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSaA jk¡ph] fcgkj] >kj[k.M vkSj if'pe caxky ds dqN fgLlksa ds Nk=ksa ds fy, Hkh ,d yksdkfiz; 'kS{kf.kd LFky gSA ;gk¡ ch vkbZVh esljk] vkbZ vkbZ ,e] lh vkbZ ih] vkj vkbZ ,e ,e] vkbZ vkbZ ,e] vkfn tSls izfrfB.r laLFkku Hkh gSaA ;gk¡ fofHkUu izdkj ds [ksy ds varj"Vªh; Lrj ds LVsfM;e Hkh cus gSaA jk¡ph i;ZVu LFkyksa ls Hkjh gqbZ gSA 'kgj ds vkl ikl dbZ >jus] igkfM+;k¡ Hkh ns[ks tk ldrs gSA ;gk¡ gokbZ vM+Mk Hkh gSA i;ZVdksa ds fy, vkokl gsrq ;gk¡ gksVyksa dh Hkh lqfo/kk gSA jkT; i;ZVu foHkkx us Hkkjrh; i;ZVd fodkl fuxe ,oa iqjkrRo loZs{k.k ds lg;ksx ls i;ZVu fodkl ds fy, dbZ ;kstukvksa dks vkajHk fd;k gSA2 jk¡ph igkM+h dk Hkh lkSn;hZdj.k fd;k x;k gSA