This article reviews the principle uses of ophthalmic lasers, providing historical background with an emphasis on new applications and areas of investigation. Ophthalmic photocoagulation was the first medical laser application and has restored or maintained vision in millions of people. The use of ophthalmic lasers is becoming increasingly widespread, with most eye departments now having at least one type of laser. Many patients are treated withlasers and many more request such treatment, even when it is not indicated. The indications for ophthalmic lasers are constantly changing as experience with established treatments increases and new equipment is developed.