In terms of prevalence, frequency of surgical intervention and economic losses, cholelithiasis belongs to one of the most costly areas of world health care and occupies one of the leading positions in the structure of morbidity. Many authors have proven the leading risk factors for cholelithiasis. However, to this day, there are often difficulties in the timely differential diagnosis of cholelithiasis and breast syndrome. The use of modern highly sensitive research methods does not exclude diagnostic errors that occur in 10–42% of cases. To date, to help surgeons, further study of this problem is required, because they are aimed at improving the results of surgical treatment of this group of patients.