Dataset of a Neurocritical Brazil cohort study whose summary is described below. Abstract Objective: To describe a cohort of neurocritical patients and their differences based on primary neurological diagnoses and identify predictors of mortality and unfavorable outcome along with the disease burden of each neurological condition on intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Methods: Prospective cohort study including patients admitted to 36 ICUs in Brazil and followed up for 30 days. Results: Of 4245 patients admitted to the participating ICUs during the study period, 1194 (28.1%) were neurocritical patients and were included in the study. Neurocritical patients had a mean mortality rate 1.7 times higher than non-neurocritical patients admitted to the same ICUs (17.21% versus 10.1%, respectively). The most frequent primary neurological diagnoses on ICU admission were postoperative care of elective neurosurgery, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, and encephalopathy. The estimated total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were 4482.94 in the overall cohort, and the diagnosis with the highest DALYs was traumatic brain injury (1634.42). DALYs were significantly impacted by the patients’ primary neurological diagnosis, sex, age group, and number of secondary neurological injuries. Conclusion: We accurately described the epidemiology of neurocritical patients and estimated their overall and relative disease burden. The findings of this study are important to direct policies regarding education, prevention, and treatment of severe neurocritical diseases.