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Research . 2022
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Research . 2022
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Os salários em Portugal: padrões de evolução, inflação e desigualdades

Authors: Cantante; Estêvão;

Os salários em Portugal: padrões de evolução, inflação e desigualdades

Abstract

Resumo: Entre 2018 e 2021, registou-se um crescimento rápido do valor real da média e da mediana dos salários em Portugal, aferido neste estudo pela evolução dos ganhos brutos mensais médio e mediano e das remunerações brutas médias mensais por trabalhador. Este crescimento foi desigual ao longo do tecido económico, tendo sido bastante mais pronunciado nos setores de atividade económica que, em geral, praticam salários médios mais baixos. Tal sugere a preponderância dos aumentos sucessivos do salário mínimo nacional (SMN) na explicação desta tendência. Todavia, o crescimento do valor real dos salários médio e mediano ocorreu de forma muito tardia, se considerarmos que a recuperação da crise económico-financeira do início da década de 2010 verificou-se partir de 2014. Na realidade, o aumento do valor real dos salários médio e mediano entre 2014 e 2021 deu-se quase sempre a um ritmo bastante inferior ao da evolução do PIB. E mesmo a valorização real ocorrida desde 2018 está já a sofrer uma forte erosão, causada pelo surto inflacionário iniciado em 2021. Uma análise mais detalhada a um indicador de salário – o ganho médio mensal bruto – revela outros matizes desta tendência. Em primeiro lugar, a ocorrência de um processo de achatamento da metade inferior da distribuição do ganho, acompanhado por uma redução da desigualdade entre as partes superior e inferior dessa distribuição. Para este processo estarão a contribuir o aumento do SMN, mas também a redução do prémio das habilitações escolares. No caso do SMN, constatou-se que este tem efeitos diretos no aumento dos salários médios na base da distribuição (bite effect), mas também efeitos indiretos em latitudes intermédias (spillover effect). Em segundo lugar, a convivência entre uma tendência global de redução da desigualdade de ganho entre mulheres e homens com a persistência da desigualdade em prejuízo das mulheres quando se comparam trabalhadores com perfis semelhantes. A este nível, analisou-se também a interseccionalidade das desigualdades de género e de nacionalidade. Em terceiro lugar, identificou-se a tendência de precarização dos vínculos laborais dos trabalhadores por conta de outrem ao longo da última década e observou-se a persistência da forte penalização salarial dos trabalhadores com contratos não permanentes – em particular, a partir dos 45 anos. Por último, mediu-se a valorização diferenciada da formação escolar nos vários setores de atividade. Abstract: Between 2018 and 2021, there was a rapid growth in the real value of average and median wages in Portugal, as measured by the evolution of both average and median monthly gross earnings and the average monthly gross compensation per employee. This growth was uneven across the economic fabric, being much more pronounced in sectors with lower average wages. This suggests the preponderance of successive increases in the national minimum wage (NMW) in explaining this trend. However, this growth in the real value of average and median wages took place very late, considering that the recovery from the economic and financial crisis of the early 2010s began back in 2014. In fact, the increase in the real value of average and median wages between 2014 and 2021 occurred at a much slower pace than the evolution of GDP. And even the real appreciation that has occurred since 2018 has already been severely eroded by the inflationary surge that begun in 2021. A closer look at one indicator of wages – average gross monthly earnings – reveals other nuances of this trend. Firstly, the occurrence of a process of flattening of the lower half of the earnings distribution, accompanied by a reduction in inequality between the bottom and the top. Key to this trend have been the already mentioned increase in the NMW but also the general reduction of the educational wage premium in the Portuguese labour market. The NMW has direct effects increasing the wages at the bottom (bite effect), but also spillover effects in intermediate latitudes of the earnings distribution. Secondly, the coexistence of an overall trend towards a reduction in the inequality of earnings between women and men with the persistence of inequality to the detriment of women when comparing employees with similar educational and occupational profiles. At this level, the intersectionality of gender and nationality inequalities was also analyzed. Thirdly, we identified growing weight of temporary employees throughout the last decade and the persistence of a strong wage penalty of workers with non-permanent contracts – particularly from the age of 45 onwards. Lastly, this study measures to what extend schooling wage premium varies between economic activities.

Keywords

salários e ganho; salário mínimo nacional; inflação; desigualdades; prémio das habilitações escolares; precariedade; género; nacionalidade., wages and earnings; minimum wage; inflation; inequality; education wage premium; precariousness; gender; citizenship

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This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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