The study conceptually examined the effect of self-assessment system on tax compliance in Nigeria using extensive review of existing literatures. Procedural Justice Theory was adopted to guide the present study this is because the theory postulate that the existence of fairness in procedures may lead to fairness in outcome. Based on the review of the existing literatures, previous findings revealed that self-assessment system improves tax compliance in Nigeria. The study concluded that on average, tax education and fairness as measures of self-assessment have impacted on tax compliance in Nigeria positively and significantly. The study recommended that government should ensure tax payers education and fairness in the Nigerian tax systems so that the compliance will be improved.