Thermal conductivity of ice at various temperatures Junjie Chen Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China Ice is water frozen into a solid state, typically forming at or below temperatures of 0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color. Ice exhibits at least eighteen phases, depending on temperature and pressure. When water is cooled rapidly, up to three types of amorphous ice can form depending on its history of pressure and temperature. As a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure, ice is considered to be a mineral. It possesses a regular crystalline structure based on the molecule of water, which consists of a single oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. However, many of the physical properties of water and ice are controlled by the formation of hydrogen bonds between adjacent oxygen and hydrogen atoms; while it is a weak bond, it is nonetheless critical in controlling the structure of both water and ice. Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin) 273.15 2.09 253.15 2.161 233.15 2.232 213.15 2.303 193.15 2.374 173.15 2.445 273.15 2.2199 253.15 2.3854 233.15 2.6322 213.15 2.9603 193.15 3.3695 173.15 3.8601 273.15 2.0914 253.15 2.2973 233.15 2.5431 213.15 2.841 193.15 3.2086 173.15 3.6723 273.15 2.092 143.15 2.552

Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China