ABSTRACT Emerging antibiotic resistance is a major global public health challenge. At the same time, untreated infections are one of the main causes of surgical mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Surgical site infections are most common type of infections among worldwide. Almost 30-50% of antimicrobials are used as prophylaxis in hospital care setting. However, between 40-90% of this prophylaxis is inappropriate because the antimicrobials were given at wrong time or given for long time. Choosing antimicrobials for prophylaxis is based on some factors, antimicrobial regimen, dose, route, time of administration. The right time for administration of prophylaxis dose is within 30-60 minutes before surgical incision. This is the most appropriate time for most of the preoperative surgical cases. Surgical prophylaxis is an effective treatment approach for minimizing post-surgical infections. Moreover, Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be restricted to specific, proper indications to avoid unnecessary medical expenses, side effects, and antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance, Choice of Antimicrobials, Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis, Surgical Site Infections, Timing of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis.