Using spectral reflectance and random forest method for modeling soil surface changes induced by simulated rainfall - datasets The impact of simulated rainfall on the soil surface roughness of different soil types with various initial surface states and the differences between their spectral characteristics were studied under laboratory conditions. The soil samples were collected from a horizon of fields near Poznań, western Poland. The physical and physicochemical properties of each soil sample were determined. Then, the part of the soil materials, consisting of natural aggregates, were used to form three soil surface roughness. An explanation of the table column names in the “soils properties.csv” file: “textural classification” - Name of the granulometric group. Soil texture was determined by the hydrometer method according to standard PN-R-04032. “sand” - Sand content in the soil sample in %. “silt” – Silt content in the soil sample in %. “clay” – Clay content in the soil sample in %. pHH2O” - The pH of the soil sample determined in water. The soil pH was determined by the potentiometry method. “pHKCl” – The pH of the soil sample determined in KCl. The soil pH was determined by the potentiometry method. “SOC” – Organic matter content in soil was determined by oxidation titration using K2Cr2O7 with H2SO4 on the block mineralization. An explanation of the table column names in the “rainfall doses.csv” file: “rainfall simulation” - Rainfall simulation number. “rainfall dose” - One-time amount of rainfall dose expressed in millimeters. “accumulated rainfall” – Summation of rainfall after each successive dose expressed in millimeters. An explanation of the table column names in the “soil measurements” file: “textural classification” - Name of the granulometric group. Soil texture was determined by the hydrometer method according to standard PN-R-04032. “rainfall simulation” - Rainfall simulation number. “reflectance” - The amount of radiation reflected from the soil surface under the influence of successive rainfalls and expressed in nanometres. “roughness state” - The size of the roughness: R1 is the lowest soil roughness state, R2 represents medium soil roughness, and R3 represents the greatest roughness. “T3D” - Tortuosity index is a surface roughness index. It was calculated from DEM (Digital Elevation Model). It expresses the ratio between the true surface of DEM and its flat horizontal area. “HSD” - Height Standard Deviation is the second surface roughness index. It was calculated from DEM and expressed in millimeters.