Physiological and biochemical properties of microorganisms play a decisive role in the selection of the most active strains for their use in agricultural and industrial production and restoration of polluted environmental sites. Physiological and biochemical properties of Rhizobium galegae strains were studied: ability of rhizobia strains to synthesize exopolysaccharides and β-IUC, thermal stability, tolerance to oil hydrocarbons, ability to use oil as a single source of carbon, salt tolerance, and the effect of R. galegae seed inoculation on plant proteins synthesis was studied. The most promising strains of R. galegae possessing a spectrum of physiological and biochemical properties providing stability and activity of functioning under extreme conditions have been selected. It was found that strains of R. galegae nodule bacteria in association with the host plant Galega orientalis Lam. increase protein expression, promote acceleration of polypeptide synthesis with molecular masses of 56.0 kD and 12.0 kDRBFCO.