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RESUMO: O artigo apresenta algumas alternativas teóricas para o estudo de coletividades científicas, dando ênfase especial ao problema da autonomia da ciência. Com isso, busca analisar como estas alternativas teóricas concebem as interrelações entre as coletividades científicas (cientistas e instituições), destas com a sociedade e suas consequências para a produção do conhecimento científico. Trata, enfim, de apreender o significado destes conceitos e perguntar como eles respondem ao problema da autonomia da ciência. Palavras-chave: Sociologia; Autonomia; Ciência; Coletividades Científicas. SCIENTIFIC AUTONOMY AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES ABSTRACT: This article presents some theoretical alternatives to the study of scientific collectivities, emphasizing specially the problem of the autonomy of science. Thus, this article tries to analyse how these theoretical alternatives interpret the interactions among the collectivities (scientists and institutions) themselves, among these and the society, and its consequences to the production of the scientific knowledge. At last, it tries to apprehend the meaning of these concepts and to inquire how they respond to the problem of the autonomy of science. Keywords: Sociology; Autonomy; Science; Scientific Collectivities.
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