The idea that it is necessary "to lay the fundamental foundations, if not of science, then at least of practical guidance to one of the most difficult and demanding arts - the art of literary translation" was expressed at the very beginning of the last century and, as if in response to this In the 20th century, fundamental research on translation studies appeared by prominent Russians, Western Europeans and many scientists from the former, as they were then called, fraternal republics, which have now become New Independent States.