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Article . 1998
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Article . 1998
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Por que estudar controvérsias científicas?

Authors: Freitas, Renan Springer de;

Por que estudar controvérsias científicas?

Abstract

RESUMO: A tese de que a história da ciência não pode ser compreendida a menos que se examine os bastidores das controvérsias científicas vem se tornando uma verdadeira máxima heurística para o historiador da ciência. O trabalho de Mazumbar ilustra isto exemplarmente. Ele se articula em torno da proposta de que a história da imunologia deve ser contada reconstruindo-se a controvérsia entre Ehrlich e Landsteiner a respeito da natureza da interação entre o antígeno e o anticorpo. Mazumbar busca a origem desta controvérsia em outra controvérsia, ocorrida cinqüenta anos antes, envolvendo os botânicos partidários de Lineu e os botânicos unitaristas. A vitória de Landsteiner nos anos 20, ela argumenta, deve ser entendida como um triunfo do pensamento unitário sobre o lineano. Eu argumento que este tipo de abordagem não leva a muito longe. Controvérsias não são relevantes por si mesmas, mas apenas na medida em que se aprende algo com elas. Portanto, as perguntas relevantes são: o que se aprendeu a partir de determinada controvérsia e qual foi a importância de tal aprendizado. Ao contrario de Mazumbar, Alfred Tauber encarou estas perguntas. Em decorrência, sua ênfase não foi dada em Ehrlich e Landsteiner, mas sim em dois embriologistas, Haeckel e Metchnikoff. A ênfase nesses embriologistas permitiu a Tauber mostrar a extensão em que a imunologia moderna é um resultado do êxito de Metchnikoff em corrigir a “lei biogenética fundamental” de Haeckel. Palavras-chaves: Controvérsias Científicas; História da Ciência; Epistemologia. WHY TO CARE ABOUT SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES? Abstract: The view that the history of science cannot be properly understood unless one examines the background of scientific controversies and how these controversies came to be settled in specific situations has become a real heuristic maxim for the historian of science. Pauline Mazumbar’s work illustrates this exemplarily. It is based on the assumption that the history of immunology must be recounted by reconstructing the Ehrlich-Landsteiner controversy on the nature of the antigen-antibody reaction. Mazumbar invites us to trace this controversy back to earlier controversies, involving unitarian and Linnaean botanists, in order to understand Landsteiner’s triumph in the twenties. I argue that this sort of approach does not lead one far enough. Controversies are not relevant by themselves but only insofar as one can make something out of them. Therefore, the relevant questions are: what did one come to learn from a given controversy, and what was the importance of such an apprenticeship. Unlike Mazumbar, Alfred Tauber did not fail to address these questions. As a result, his focus was not on Ehrlich and Landsteiner, but on two embryologists, Metchnikoff and Haeckel. This focus enabled him to show the extension in which modern immunology is an outcome of Metchnikoff’s success in correcting Haeckel’s “fundamental biogenetic law”. Keywords: Scientific Controversies; History of Science; Epistemology

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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