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Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en humanos y bovinos de mataderos del sur-oriente de Venezuela

Authors: Cermeño, Julman; Rodríguez, Isbe; Torres, Leidys;

Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en humanos y bovinos de mataderos del sur-oriente de Venezuela

Abstract

RESUMEN La leptospirosis es una zoonosis desatendida, reemergente y un importante problema de salud pública, causada por una bacteria del género Leptospira. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia humana y bovina de anticuerpos contra Leptospira spp. en mataderos del estado Bolívar y de Soledad, estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Se analizaron 128 sueros de los trabajadores de los diferentes mataderos del estado Bolívar y de Soledad (estado Anzoátegui) y 58 sueros de bovinos. La demostración de anticuerpos contra Leptospira spp. se realizó mediante una prueba de ensayo inmunoenzimático (Panbio Diagnostics®) en humanos y animales; y la prueba de aglutinación macroscópica en bovinos (TR). El mayor porcentaje de seropositividad de Leptospira spp. se obtuvo en el grupo de los trabajadores en edades comprendidas entre 21 y 30 años, con una prevalencia del 77,3%, mientras que en bovinos fue de 3,4%. La infección fue más frecuente en el personal que tenía menos de 10 años con riesgo ocupacional (n = 61; 47,6%); correspondiendo a la ocupación de matarife el mayor número de casos (n = 45; 35,1%). Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron inespecíficas: artralgias, cefalea y sudoración nocturna. Hubo asociación entre cefalea y la presencia de anticuerpos específicos contra Leptospira spp. (p < 0,05). Se demuestra una elevada seroprevalencia anticuerpos IgM contra Leptospira spp. en los trabajadores de los mataderos evaluados (77,3%), y una baja prevalencia en bovinos. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo potenciales y esta información se podría utilizar para educar a los trabajadores y prevenir o reducir la infección. ABSTRACT Leptospirosis is a neglected, reemerging zoonosis and a major public health problem, caused by a bacterium of the genus Leptospira. The aim of this study was to determine the human and bovine seroprevalence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in slaughterhouses of Bolívar and Soledad, Anzoátegui state, Venezuela. A sample of 128 sera from workers from different slaughterhouses in Bolívar states and Soledad (Anzoátegui state) and 58 bovine sera were analyzed. The demonstration of antibodies against Leptospira spp. was performed by an enzyme-linked immunoassay test (Panbio diagnostics®) in humans and animals; and the Macroscopic Agglutination Test in bovines (MAT). The highest percentage of seropositivity for Leptospira spp. was found in the group of workers aged between 21 and 30 years-old, with a prevalence of 77.3% while that in bovines was 3.4%. The infection was more frequent in personnel with less than 10 years of occupational risk (n = 61; 47.6%); and the highest number of cases corresponded to the slaughterers (n = 45; 35.1%). The clinical manifestations were nonspecific: arthralgias, headache, and night sweating. Association between headache and the presence of specific antibodies against Leptospira spp. was found (p < 0.05). A high seroprevalence of IgM antibodies against Leptospira spp. is demonstrated in slaughterhouse workers, and low prevalence in cattle. Potential risk factors were identified and this information can be used to educate workers regarding the prevention or reduction of infection.

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Keywords

Leptospira, thermorresistent antigen, trabajadores de mataderos, antígeno termorresistente, Anticuerpos IgM, IgM antibodies, slaughterhouses workers, zoonosis

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