Although dog sperm is capable of fertilization for as long as 7-9 days after ejaculation but breeding several days before ovulation may result in aged gametes and smaller litters. With good breeding management, the bitch can be inseminated at the optimal time to ensure fertilization of the maximal number of viable oocytes. Breeding management is important when sending the bitch to the stud-dog or when using shipped cooled semen, and especially when using frozen semen.

{"references": ["Gary C. W. England. 2013. Dog Breeding, Whelping and Puppy Care. WILEY-BLACKWELL.", "Margaret V. Root Kustritz. 2003. Small Animal Theriogenology. ELSEVIER."]}