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Article . 2019
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REVISÃO CRÍTICA DAS APLICAÇÕES DE APRENDIZADO DE MÁQUINA NO DESIGN VISUAL: BASES TEÓRICAS, DESEMPENHO DOS MODELOS E NOVOS PARADIGMAS DE PROJETO

Authors: Sant'Anna, Hugo Cristo;

REVISÃO CRÍTICA DAS APLICAÇÕES DE APRENDIZADO DE MÁQUINA NO DESIGN VISUAL: BASES TEÓRICAS, DESEMPENHO DOS MODELOS E NOVOS PARADIGMAS DE PROJETO

Abstract

The applications of machine learning (ML) to visual design problems generated algorithms capable of editing pictures and videos, designing corporate identities, interfaces, and even printed or digital publications. In this context, potential benefits and losses of ML applications to visual design brought back issues emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of massification of personal computers and desktop publishing tools. In that period, many designers resisted to ongoing changes, criticizing low quality and amateurism of the projects which used incipient technologies. On the other hand, contemporary criticism about using ML in visual design focus on potential threats to jobs and the reduction of work opportunities for designers. This paper discusses ML applications in visual design aiming to enhance and broaden the debate beyond labor market issues. Therefore, it will be presented: 1) theoretical bases and workings of ML models currently applied in visual design; 2) design activities performed by the models; 3) recent projects (2007-2018) in which ML models already replaced designers. Based on the analyses, creative appropriation and exploration of ML technologies by designers are advocated, rather than rejecting them, rethinking design activity in the face of new paradigms in the same way as the pioneering enthusiasts of desktop publishing did As aplicações do aprendizado de máquina ou machine learning (ML) a problemas de design visual geraram algoritmos capazes de editar fotos e vídeos, projetar logotipos, interfaces digitais, e até mesmo diagramar publicações impressas ou digitais. Neste contexto, os potenciais benefícios e prejuízos da aplicação de ML ao design visual retomam questionamentos surgidos nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, em decorrência da massificação dos computadores pessoais e programas de desktop publishing. Naquele período, muitos designers resistiram às mudanças em curso, criticando a baixa qualidade e amadorismo dos projetos que utilizaram as tecnologias incipientes. Em contrapartida, críticas contemporâneas ao uso de ML no design visual concentram-se nas ameaças potenciais aos empregos e redução das oportunidades de trabalho para designers. Este artigo discute as aplicações de ML no design visual, com o intuito de qualificar e ampliar o debate para além da questão do mercado de trabalho. Para tanto, são apresentadas: 1) bases teóricas e funcionamento dos modelos de ML utilizados no design visual; 2) atividades de projeto desempenhadas pelos modelos; e 3) análises de projetos recentes (2007-2018) nos quais os modelos de ML já substituíram designers. Partindo das análises, defende-se a apropriação e exploração criativa das tecnologias de ML por designers em vez de sua rejeição, repensando a atividade projetual frente aos novos paradigmas da mesma forma que fizeram os pioneiros entusiastas do desktop publishing.

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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