In Internal Combustion engines piston failure is a common phenomenon and it is very serious problem which still exist. It is only the component of Internal Combustion engine that encountered failure from different region like stress of thermo-mechanical, wear, fatigue, extreme temperatures etc. In the present work the intricate problem of seizure failure of piston has been investigate experimentally with metallurgical investigation in terms of chemical composition test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) test and hardness test were carried out for heavy duty engine piston. The problem of piston seizure failure of a four stroke diesel engine we observed one seized engine piston of four stroke heavy duty diesel engine at different parameters. After observing and studying of different parameters like chemical composition test, Hardness and SEM test result it is believe that there is some theoretical gap and conceptual difference which still need improvement to predict the mechanism of seizure failure in internal combustion engine. It is also believe that there should also be improved in manufacturing technology and improved heat treatment process.