Four µm-thick sections were cut from the APP1 FFPE block with a microtome and used for staining with a panel of 26 antibodies targeting the main immune, stromal and epithelial cell populations of the gastrointestinal tract (Supplementary Table 2). The optimal dilution of each antibody in the panel was identified by staining and ablating FFPE appendix sections. The resulting images were reviewed by a mucosal immunologist (J.S.) and the dilution giving the best signal to background ratio was selected for each antibody (Supplementary Table 2). To perform the staining for IMC, slides were dewaxed after a one-hour incubation at 60°C, rehydrated and heat-induced antigen retrieval was performed with a pressure cooker in Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (R&D Systems). Slides were incubated in a 10% BSA (Sigma), 0.1% Tween (Sigma), and 2% Kiovig (Shire Pharmaceuticals) Superblock Blocking Buffer (Thermo Fisher) blocking solution at room temperature for two hours. Each antibody was added to a primary antibody mix at the selected concentration in blocking solution and incubated overnight at 4°C. After two washes in PBS and PBS-0.1% Tween, the slides were treated with the DNA intercalator Cell-ID™ Intercalator-Ir (Fluidigm) (containing the two iridium isotopes 191Ir and 193Ir) 1.25 mM in a PBS solution. After a 30-minute incubation, the slides were washed once in PBS and once in MilliQ water and air-dried. The stained slides were then loaded in the Hyperion Imaging System (Fluidigm) imaging module to obtain light-contrast high resolution images of approximately four mm2. These images were used to select the ROI in each slide. For APP1, a one mm2 ROI containing a lymphoid follicle in its whole depth alongside a portion of lamina propria and of epithelium was selected. ROIs were ablated at a o µm/pixel resolution and 200 Hz frequency.

The APP_1_raw_tiff_metadata.csv file matches each label to each file, 25 16bit tiff single channel tiff files.