Figure 1. (a) A hermaphroditic inflorescence of C. simplex consists of many small white flowers. (b) Pattern diagram of hermaphroditic ramets. The protandrous hermaphroditic flowers change from the male phase (emitting pollen) to the female phase (enabling pollen reception) over the course of the flowering season. (c) Two female inflorescences of C. simplex consists of many small white flowers. Small flowers in female ramet are smaller than in hermaphroditic ramet, and there are gaps in the inflorescence, but the appearance is almost the same. (d) The female ramet consists of only female flowers (which lack anthers that produce pollen) throughout the flowering season.

Published as part of Toji, Tsubasa & Itino, Takao, 2021, Differences in the flower visitor behaviour on female and hermaphroditic flowers of Cimicifuga simplex, pp. 1289-1298 in Journal of Natural History 55 (19-20) on page 1291, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1946611, http://zenodo.org/record/5467731