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Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure from Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer in Public Healthcare of Malaysia

النفقات الصحية الكارثية للأسر المعيشية من الاضطرابات الخبيثة المحتملة عن طريق الفم وسرطان الفم في الرعاية الصحية العامة في ماليزيا
Authors: RAMAN Sivaraj; SHAFIE Asrul Akmal; ABRAHAM Mannil Thomas; SHIM Chen Kiong; MALING Thaddius Herman; RAJENDRAN Senthilmani; CHEONG Sok Ching;

Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure from Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer in Public Healthcare of Malaysia

Abstract

Objectif : Le cancer de la bouche entraîne une charge de morbidité et une détresse financière importantes, en particulier parmi les groupes défavorisés. Alors que la Malaisie a atteint la couverture sanitaire universelle grâce à ses soins de santé publics hautement subventionnés, les dépenses des patients et des familles pour le traitement des troubles bucco-dentaires potentiellement malins (OPMD) et du cancer de la bouche restent une préoccupation pour l'équité des soins. Cette étude vise donc à estimer les dépenses personnelles des ménages et l'ampleur des dépenses de santé catastrophiques tout en identifiant ses prédicteurs. Méthodes : Cette étude en trois parties consiste en une enquête transversale pour collecter des données sociodémographiques et d'utilisation de la santé des patients, une abstraction rétrospective des dossiers médicaux pour identifier les ressources consommées et une modélisation des coûts pour simuler les dépenses dans deux hôpitaux publics tertiaires. La perte de productivité a été calculée en fonction de l'absentéisme lié à la prise en charge de la maladie à l'hôpital. Les paiements OOP pour le transport, les soins dans les établissements de santé publics et d'autres dépenses de santé ont été comptabilisés. Un CHE a été défini comme des dépenses OOP de plus de 10 % du revenu annuel total du ménage. Une régression logistique multivariable a ensuite été appliquée pour identifier l'association entre les facteurs sociodémographiques et l'incidence du CHE. Résultats : Un total de 52 patients atteints d'OPMD et de 52 patients atteints de cancer de la bouche ont été interrogés et les dossiers médicaux ont été extraits. Un test de Kruskal-Wallis a montré une différence statistiquement significative de la part de la Poo par rapport au revenu du ménage entre la DMOP, le cancer à un stade précoce et à un stade avancé, χ2(2)=51,05, p<0,001, avec un pourcentage moyen de 9 %, 22 % et 65 % respectivement. Cette étude a révélé que la prévalence de la CHE au cours de la première année de diagnostic était de 86,5 % pour le cancer de la bouche et de 19,2 % pour la DMOP. L'origine ethnique indienne (OR=6,24, p=0,046) et le groupe de revenu mensuel « inférieur à 2 722 USD » (OR=14,32, p=0,023) ont été montrés comme des prédicteurs significatifs de la CHE. Conclusions : Notre étude a démontré que l'octroi de subventions peut ne pas être suffisant pour protéger le groupe le plus vulnérable de LA drépanocytose lorsqu'il reçoit un diagnostic de drépanocytose et de cancer de la bouche.

Objetivo: El cáncer oral causa una carga significativa de enfermedad y angustia financiera, especialmente entre los grupos desfavorecidos. Si bien Malasia ha logrado la cobertura universal de salud a través de su atención médica pública altamente subsidiada, el gasto de los pacientes y las familias para el tratamiento de los trastornos orales potencialmente malignos (OPMD) y el cáncer oral sigue siendo una preocupación en la equidad de la atención. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo estimar los gastos de bolsillo (Poo) de los hogares y el alcance del gasto catastrófico en atención médica (CHE) al tiempo que identifica sus predictores. Métodos: Este estudio de tres partes consiste en una encuesta transversal para recopilar datos sociodemográficos y de utilización de la salud de los pacientes, una abstracción retrospectiva de registros médicos para identificar los recursos consumidos y un modelo de costos para simular los gastos en dos hospitales públicos terciarios. La pérdida de productividad se calculó en función del absentismo relacionado con el manejo de la enfermedad en el hospital. Se contabilizaron los pagos de OOP para transporte, atención en centros de salud públicos y otros gastos de atención médica. Un CHE se definió como gastos de OOP de más del 10% del ingreso anual total del hogar. Se aplicó además la regresión logística multivariable para identificar la asociación entre los factores sociodemográficos y la incidencia de CHE. Resultados: Se encuestó a un total de 52 pacientes con OPMD y 52 con cáncer oral y se resumieron los registros médicos. Una prueba de Kruskal-Wallis mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la proporción de OOP sobre el ingreso familiar entre OPMD, cáncer en etapa temprana y tardía, χ2(2)=51.05, p<0.001, con el porcentaje medio de 9%, 22% y 65% respectivamente. Este estudio encontró que la prevalencia de CHE en el primer año de diagnóstico fue del 86,5% para el cáncer oral y del 19,2% para la OPMD. La etnia india (OR=6.24, p=0.046) y el grupo de ingresos mensuales 'menos de USD 2,722' (OR=14.32, p=0.023) se mostraron como predictores significativos para CHE. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demostró que la provisión de subsidios puede no ser adecuada para proteger al grupo más vulnerable del CHE cuando se les diagnostica OPMD y cáncer oral.

Objective: Oral cancer causes a significant disease burden and financial distress, especially among disadvantaged groups. While Malaysia has achieved universal health coverage via its highly subsidized public healthcare, patient and family expenditure for treatment of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and oral cancer remains a concern in the equitability of care. This study thus aims to estimate household out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures and the extent of catastrophic healthcare expenditure (CHE) while identifying its predictors. Methods: This three-part study consists of a cross-sectional survey to collect sociodemographic and health utilization data of patients, a retrospective medical record abstraction to identify resources consumed, and cost modeling to simulate expenditures in two tertiary public hospitals. Loss of productivity was calculated based on absenteeism related to disease management in the hospital. OOP payments for transport, care in public healthcare facilities, and other healthcare expenditures were tallied. A CHE was defined as OOP spendings of more than 10% from total annual household income. Multivariable logistic regression was further applied to identify the association between sociodemographic factors and the incidence of CHE. Results: A total of 52 patients with OPMD and 52 with oral cancer were surveyed and medical records were abstracted. A Kruskal-Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in OOP share over household income between OPMD, early- and late-stage cancer, χ2(2)=51.05, p<0.001, with the mean percentage of 9%, 22%, and 65% respectively. This study found that the prevalence of CHE in the first year of diagnosis was 86.5% for oral cancer and 19.2% for OPMD. Indian ethnicity (OR=6.24, p=0.046) and monthly income group 'less than USD 2,722' (OR=14.32, p=0.023) were shown as significant predictors for CHE. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated the provision of subsidies may not be adequate to shield the more vulnerable group from CHE when they are diagnosed with OPMD and oral cancer.

الهدف: يسبب سرطان الفم عبئًا كبيرًا من المرض والضيق المالي، خاصة بين الفئات المحرومة. في حين حققت ماليزيا تغطية صحية شاملة من خلال الرعاية الصحية العامة المدعومة للغاية، لا يزال إنفاق المرضى والأسرة على علاج الاضطرابات الفموية التي يحتمل أن تكون خبيثة (OPMD) وسرطان الفم مصدر قلق في عدالة الرعاية. وبالتالي تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقدير نفقات الأسر المعيشية (OOP) ومدى نفقات الرعاية الصحية الكارثية (CHE) مع تحديد مؤشراتها. الطرق: تتكون هذه الدراسة المكونة من ثلاثة أجزاء من مسح مقطعي لجمع بيانات الاستخدام الاجتماعي الديموغرافي والصحي للمرضى، وتجريد السجل الطبي بأثر رجعي لتحديد الموارد المستهلكة، ونمذجة التكلفة لمحاكاة النفقات في مستشفيين عامين من الدرجة الثالثة. تم حساب فقدان الإنتاجية بناءً على التغيب المتعلق بإدارة الأمراض في المستشفى. تم حساب مدفوعات OOP للنقل والرعاية في مرافق الرعاية الصحية العامة ونفقات الرعاية الصحية الأخرى. تم تعريف CHE على أنها نفقات OOP تزيد عن 10 ٪ من إجمالي دخل الأسرة السنوي. كما تم تطبيق الانحدار اللوجستي متعدد المتغيرات لتحديد الارتباط بين العوامل الاجتماعية والديموغرافية وحدوث CHE. النتائج: تم مسح ما مجموعه 52 مريضًا يعانون من OPMD و 52 مصابًا بسرطان الفم وتم استخلاص السجلات الطبية. أظهر اختبار Kruskal - Wallis فرقًا ذا دلالة إحصائية في حصة OOP على دخل الأسرة بين OPMD والسرطان في المراحل المبكرة والمتأخرة، χ 2 (2)=51.05، p<0.001، بمتوسط نسبة 9 ٪ و 22 ٪ و 65 ٪ على التوالي. وجدت هذه الدراسة أن انتشار CHE في السنة الأولى من التشخيص كان 86.5 ٪ لسرطان الفم و 19.2 ٪ لـ OPMD. تم عرض العرق الهندي (OR=6.24، p=0.046) ومجموعة الدخل الشهري "أقل من 2,722 دولار أمريكي" (OR=14.32، p=0.023) كمتنبئين مهمين لـ CHE. الاستنتاجات: أظهرت دراستنا أن تقديم الإعانات قد لا يكون كافيًا لحماية المجموعة الأكثر ضعفًا من CHE عند تشخيص إصابتهم بـ OPMD وسرطان الفم.

Keywords

Economics, Health Care Expenditure, Social Sciences, Logistic regression, FOS: Health sciences, Health insurance, Household, Internal medicine, Cancer, Public health, Economic Burden of Cancer Treatment, Geography, Healthcare, Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Environmental health, Archaeology, Oral Cancer, Medicine, Mouth Neoplasms, Public Health, Research Article, Cancer Treatment Expenses, Economics and Econometrics, Family medicine, Nursing, Catastrophic Health Expenditure, Humans, Medical Financial Burden, Catastrophic Illness, Poverty, Economic growth, Retrospective Studies, Public Healthcare, Household income, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, Malaysia, Health care, Expenditure, Health Expenditure, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Economics and Quality of Life Assessment, Financing of Health Care Systems and Universal Coverage, Out-of-Pocket Costs, Health Expenditures, Delivery of Health Care, Expenditures, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders, Finance

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