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RESUMEN La comunicación entre células es esencial para la homeostasis de los organismos. Existen al menos cinco tipos de comunicación celular (Tabla 1) que en su mayoría ocurren cuando algunas células liberan moléculas llamadas ligandos que actúan sobre los receptores proteicos de otras células, (blanco o diana). A pesar de los diversos estudios sobre este mecanismo, quedan algunas dudas por responder. ¿Cómo logran llegar con especificidad las moléculas a su destino celular al ser liberadas las moléculas al torrente sanguíneo y linfático? ¿cómo evaden al sistema inmunológico y a enzimas degradadoras como proteasas? Este paradigma está siendo abordado con el estudio de estructuras derivadas de los sistemas celulares, denominadas vesículas extracelulares. En este trabajo se revisa el estado actual del conocimiento relacionado con las vesículas extracelulares y su papel en la salud y cancer. ABSTRACT Communication between cells is essential for the homeostasis of organisms. There are at least five types of cellular communication that mostly occur when some cells release molecules called ligands that act on the protein receptors of other cells, (target or target). Despite the various studies on this mechanism, some questions remain unanswered. How do molecules specifically reach their cellular destination as the molecules are released into the blood and lymph stream? How do they evade the immune system and degrading enzymes like proteases? This paradigm is being addressed with the study of structures derived from cellular systems, called extracellular vesicles. This work reviews the current state of knowledge related to extracellular vesicles and their role in health and cancer.