{"references": ["Shah RR, Hassett KJ, Brito LA. Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Introduction, History, and Current Status. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1494:1-13.", "Plotkin S. The history of vaccination against cytomegalovirus. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2015;204(3):247-54.", "Lakhani S. Early clinical pathologists: Edward Jenner (1749-1823). J Clin Pathol. 1992;45(9):756-8.", "Kiss L. [History of Smallpox Vaccination and of the Vaccine Supply in Hungary, up to 1890]. Orvostort Kozl. 2015;61(1-4):69-86.", "Steinman RM, Banchereau J. Taking dendritic cells into medicine. Nature. 2007;449(7161):419-26.", "Kastenmuller W, Kastenmuller K, Kurts C, Seder RA. Dendritic cell-targeted vaccines-- hope or hype? Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(10):705-11.", "Flamar AL, Xue Y, Zurawski SM, Montes M, King B, Sloan L, et al. Targeting concatenated HIV antigens to human CD40 expands a broad repertoire of multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. AIDS. 2013;27(13):2041-51.", "Kashem SW, Haniffa M, Kaplan DH. Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Skin. Annu Rev Immunol. 2017.", "Polak ME, Ung CY, Masapust J, Freeman TC, Ardern-Jones MR. Petri Net computational modelling of Langerhans cell Interferon Regulatory Factor Network predicts their role in T cell activation. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):668.", "Steinman RM, Cohn ZA. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J Exp Med. 1973;137(5):1142-62.", "Steinman RM, Cohn ZA. Pillars Article: Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J. Exp. Med.1973. 137: 1142-1162. J Immunol. 2007;178(1):5-25.", "Alfaro C, Onate C, Rodriguez A, Perez-Gracia JL, Fernandez de Sanmamed M, Melero I. [Specialized dendritic cells in cross-presentation of exogenous antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes]. An Sist Sanit Navar. 2013;36(3):519-37.", "Li D, Romain G, Flamar AL, Duluc D, Dullaers M, Li XH, et al. Targeting self- and foreign antigens to dendritic cells via DC-ASGPR generates IL-10-producing suppressive CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med. 2012;209(1):109-21.", "Steinman RM. Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. Dendritic cells: versatile controllers of the immune system. Nat Med. 2007;13(10):1155-9.", "Ueno H, Klechevsky E, Schmitt N, Ni L, Flamar AL, Zurawski S, et al. Targeting human dendritic cell subsets for improved vaccines. Semin Immunol. 2011;23(1):21-7.", "van Spriel AB, de Jong EC. Dendritic cell science: more than 40 years of history. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;93(1):33-8.", "Berger TG, Feuerstein B, Strasser E, Hirsch U, Schreiner D, Schuler G, et al. Large-scale generation of mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells for clinical application in cell factories. J Immunol Methods. 2002;268(2):131-40.", "Dzionek A, Fuchs A, Schmidt P, Cremer S, Zysk M, Miltenyi S, et al. BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood. J Immunol. 2000;165(11):6037-46.", "Nussenzweig MC, Mellman I. Ralph Steinman (1943-2011). Nature. 2011;478(7370):460.", "Ueno H, Schmitt N, Klechevsky E, Pedroza- Gonzalez A, Matsui T, Zurawski G, et al. Harnessing human dendritic cell subsets for medicine. Immunol Rev. 2010;234(1):199-212.", "Kreutz M, Tacken PJ, Figdor CG. Targeting dendritic \tcells--why \tbother? Blood. 2013;121(15):2836-44.", "Yin W, Gorvel L, Zurawski S, Li D, Ni L, Duluc D, et al. Functional Specialty of CD40 and Dendritic Cell Surface Lectins for Exogenous Antigen Presentation to CD8(+) and CD4(+) T Cells. EBioMedicine. 2016;5:46-58.", "Snider DP, Segal DM. Efficiency of antigen presentation after antigen targeting to surface IgD, IgM, MHC, Fc gamma RII, and B220 molecules on murine splenic B cells. J Immunol. 1989;143(1):59-65.", "Cheong C, Choi JH, Vitale L, He LZ, Trumpfheller C, Bozzacco L, et al. Improved cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo following targeting of HIV Gag to dendritic cells within human anti-human DEC205 monoclonal antibody. \tBlood. 2010;116(19):3828-38.", "Idoyaga J, Lubkin A, Fiorese C, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I, Huang Y, et al. Comparable T helper 1 (Th1) and CD8 T-cell immunity by targeting HIV gag p24 to CD8 dendritic cells within antibodies to Langerin, DEC205, and Clec9A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(6):2384-9.", "Park CG, Rodriguez A, Steinman RM. PE- Cy5.5 conjugates bind to the cells expressing mouse DEC205/CD205. J Immunol Methods. 2012;384(1-2):184-90.", "Park CG, Rodriguez A, Ueta H, Lee H, Pack M, Matsuno K, et al. Generation of anti-human DEC205/CD205 monoclonal antibodies that recognize epitopes conserved in different mammals. J Immunol Methods. 2012;377(1- 2):15-22.", "Steinman RM, Hawiger D, Nussenzweig MC. Tolerogenic dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:685-711.", "Hawiger D, Inaba K, Dorsett Y, Guo M, Mahnke K, Rivera M, et al. Dendritic cells induce peripheral T cell unresponsiveness under steady state conditions in vivo. J Exp Med. 2001;194(6):769-79.", "Flamar AL, Zurawski S, Scholz F, Gayet I, Ni L, Li XH, et al. Noncovalent assembly of anti- dendritic cell antibodies and antigens for evoking immune responses in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol. 2012;189(5):2645-55."]}

RESUMEN A casi 150 años del descubrimiento de las células dendríticas, Langerhans, Steinman y otros investigadores en todo el mundo, han descrito el papel tan significativo de las células dendríticas en el sistema inmune. Durante este periodo ha sido posible discernir los mecanismos involucrados en la captura, procesamiento y presentación de antígenos, así como la interacción que tienen con otras células y la activación o supresión de la respuesta inmune. El hallazgo de estas células, ha detonado el diseño y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas, y reactivos, como su cultivo y diferenciación in vitro. El direccionamiento de antígenos a las células dendríticas empleando anticuerpos monoclonales como acarreadores, permite instruir a estas células para generar una respuesta inmune contra el antígeno de interés. Es posible dirigir una respuesta del tipo humoral, celular o supresora dependiendo de la estirpe de células dendríticas a la cual sea dirigido el antígeno, receptor empleado y adyuvante. El direccionamiento de antígenos es elegante y presenta diversos retos tecnológicos y fisiológicos; sin embargo, una vez superados podría dar origen a la nueva generación de vacunas, con impacto contundente en la salud humana. ABSTRACT About 150 years after, scientists for instance Langerhans, Steinman and many others in the worldwide have discovered and described the pivotal role of dendritic cells in the immune system. During this period it has been possible to discern the mechanisms involved in the capture, processing and presentation of antigens, as well as the interaction they have with other cells and the activation or suppression of the immune response. The discovery of dendritic cells came with the design and development of new techniques and reagents, as in vitro culture and differentiation. Targeting of antigens to dendritic cells by using monoclonal antibodies as a shuttle, allows the dendrictic cells to be trained in order to evoke or not an immune response against the selected antigen. It is possible to choose a humoral, cellular or suppressive immune response by selecting the dendritic cells subset; the receptor to which the antigen has to be directed and importantly an adjuvant have to be included. Dendritic cells-targeting based vaccines constitute an elegant strategy to improve immunity; many technological Cand physiological challenges have to be overcome and move forward to a new generation of vaccines with impact in human protection.