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Resumo Os elementos de transposição (TE) foram descobertos por Barbara McClintock em 1940 e eram considerados DNA lixo (junk DNA). Contudo atualmente já se sabe que essas sequências contribuem para a evolução dos organismos e para o aumento da complexidade do genoma, influenciando no número de genes e vias de regulação gênica. Os elementos Alu são elementos de retrotransposição mais comuns em primatas, constituindo aproximadamente 13% do genoma humano. Acredita-se que as primeiras inserções destes elementos no genoma de primatas tenham ocorrido a 65 milhões de anos tornando-se o mais bem-sucedido elemento móvel do genoma humano. As diferentes inserções destes elementos no genoma podem ser utilizadas como marcadores de DNA em estudos de análises genéticas populacionais e filogenéticas e variação gênica em humanos, além de aplicações em teste de paternidade e criminalística. A facilidade de trabalhar com essas inserções, sendo um método informativo e confiável, tem levado os pesquisadores a usá-las como alternativas para o DNA mitocondrial, SNP, SRT e microssatélites. Abstract Discovered by Barbara McClintock in 1940, transposable elements (TE) were previous considered junk DNA. However today it was known that these sequences contribute to the evolution and increase the genome complexity, influencing the number genes and gene regulatory pathways. Alu elements are the most common retrotransposable elements in primates, constituting approximately 13% of the human genome. The earliest insertion of these elements into the primate genome is believed to have occurred 65 million years ago, becoming the most successful mobile element in the human genome. The different insertions of these elements into the genome can be used as DNA markers in studies of population and phylogenetic analysis and gene variation in humans, as well as paternity and criminalistic testing applications. The facility to working with these elements, being an informative and reliable method, led to use them as alternatives to mitochondrial DNA, SNP, SRT and microsatellites.