This article aims to analyze historical data on epidemics and epidemics that have plagued Brazil in the last century. Through this study, it will be understood how social inequality, the actions of society and governments, the health crisis experienced in the country and the situation of the public health system influence the overcoming of outbreaks of diseases. In addition, we seek to understand the way infectious diseases have impacted the construction and evolution of Brazil, as well as on its society. The bases for this work were constructed by reading several articles about the topics discussed.