This paper presents results from research on water related socio-environmental conflicts in four communities impacted by oil and petrochemical industries in the hydrographic region of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. We applied a qualitative methodology based on the principles of participatory research. Data were collected through observations, interviews and focus groups in the localities of Campos Eliseos (Duque de Caxias), Tingua (Nova Iguaçu), Maua (Mage) and Parque Analandia (Sao Joao de Meriti). Results indicate that the universalization of the right to water and sanitation is still a major challenge in the region, where public policies must consider the impacts related to the oil industry.