Aim: There has been a debate about the effectiveness of passive restoration for recovering tropical forests, but few studies quantify the success of passive restoration. The aim of this study was to better understand tropical forest succession under a passive restoration scenario. We compared floristic and functional attributes of seedlings in a passively-restored and an old-growth forest, and assessed the effect of restoration age and distance from the old-growth forest on seedling attributes. Location: Kibale National Park, western Uganda Methods: We measured seedlings in a passively-restored and an old‐growth forest in 2011, 2014 and 2017. We determined species diversity, structure and composition and searched the literature for functional traits. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models to compare seedling attributes between the restored and old-growth forest and determine the influence of restoration age and distance from the old-growth forest. Results: Seedling species abundance, evenness, basal area and height were similar between the restored and old-growth forest. Wood density and abundance of seedlings of different dispersal modes, habitat types, fruit size categories, and regeneration strategies were also similar between the restored and old-growth forest. However, richness, diversity and composition of seedlings were different. We found a positive effect of restoration age on species abundance and abundance of non-zoochorous, medium-fruited, forest-dependent, non-pioneer light demander and shade-tolerant species, and a negative effect on evenness, wood density, abundance of pioneers and compositional dissimilarity. Basal area of seedlings and the abundance of zoochorous and forest-dependent species declined while compositional dissimilarity increased with distance from the old-growth forest. Conclusions: Our results provide empirical evidence on the potential of passive restoration to recover the structure and functionality of tropical forests in a relatively short period of time. We demonstrate that the effect of restoration age and distance from the old-growth forest is not straightforward and depends on the attributes measured.

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